1. Introducing Napoleon Bonaparte

2. Napoleon Forges an Empire

3. The French Revolution, the Reign of Terror & Napoleon

4. He was in the right place at the right time!
Napoleon’s Rise to Power
1795: as a soldier Napoleon Bonaparte led his men against the French royalists who were attacking the National Convention.
He was in the right place at the right time!

5. Napoleon Gains Fame

6. 1799- The government was unsettled.
Napoleon took advantage of this & suddenly seized power in a coup d’état without firing a single shot.
The term is French for "a (sudden) blow (or strike) to a state" (literally, coup, hit, and état, state).

7. Napoleon takes power as First Consul
The plebiscite (popular vote) of 1800 gave
Napoleon the mandate to play a role for which he is well suited for –
that of the ENLIGHTENED DESPOT
He even crowns HIMSELF Emperor of France

8. Napoleon’s rise to Emperor

9. Napoleon’s CHANGES
started lycées-
public schools for ordinary citizens to develop future soldiers
gave the church back some of its power to make the people happy
signed a Concordat or agreement with the pope to gain support of the organized church.
 Tax collection was made more fair & orderly so France could rely on a steady supply of money & be economically stable.
Established a National Bank to stabilize the currency & economy
Dishonest government workers were removed.
wrote a new set of laws called the Napoleonic Code which established a comprehensive system of laws for all French citizens.
However, some individual rights were removed.
Free speech was limited & slavery was restored in the French colonies.

10. The Napoleonic Code, or Code Civil, March 21, 1804.
Although the code was not the first legal code to be established in a European country—
it is considered the first successful codification and strongly influenced the law of other countries.
The Code, was clearly written with accessible law, was a major step in establishing the rule of law.
RESULTS: Provided for a uniform set of laws. Eliminated many injustices but limited some freedoms & promoted the authority of the Govt.

11. Napoleon hoped to expand his empire in Europe and the New World – 1803
Napoleon faced a major setback when his army, sent to re-conquer Haiti & establish a base in order to increase profits from sugar production, was destroyed by a combination of yellow fever & fierce rebellion & resistance from the slaves.
He recognized that the French possessions on the mainland of North America were now indefensible & facing imminent war with Britain, he decided to cut his losses in N. America & sold them to the United States —the Louisiana Purchase— for less than $.03 per acre. To get $$$ to pay for his wars in Europe.
The dispute over Malta provided the pretext for Britain to declare war on France in 1803 to support French royalists.

12. 1805- The Battle of Trafalgar
Napoleon hoped to conquer Europe & wanted to invade England. But it turned into a humiliating defeat for France
RESULT: French fleet was destroyed, assuring British Naval supremacy & Napoleon was forced to give up any future hopes for an invasion of England.

13. The Collapse of Napoleon’s Empire
Mistake #1
1806- Napoleon attempted to blockade British ports to hurt their economy.
This Continental System was meant to make the continent more self- sufficient.
The British Navy put their own blockade around Europe which weakened Europe’s economy.
The Collapse of Napoleon’s Empire
Mistake #3
1812- Napoleon attempted to conquer Russia for breaking the Continental System
The Russians retreated & followed a scorched-earth policy leaving no livestock or grain for the French Army.
The onset of Winter, attacks & deserters left only 10,000 of the original 400,000 troops.
Mistake #2
1808-On the way to conquer Portugal, Napoleon made his brother King of Spain.
The Spanish people were loyal to their own king & the peasant fighters (guerrillas) fought against Napoleon in a war called The Peninsular War.

14. Surrender at Madrid, Spain during the Peninsular War
Retreat from Moscow

15. Napoleon’s Mistakes

16. 1814- Napoleon is exiled from France to the small island of Elba.
He took a few of his soldiers with him & was allowed to keep his title of Emperor, promising to pay two million francs every year to France.
He was replaced on the French throne by Louis XVIII.

17. Ten months after his exile Napoleon escaped Elba.
Returned to France with an Army.
On his way to Paris, he gained support as people joined him.
He marched into Paris with a 1000 old soldiers & new supporters.
He took over the city & was back in power for a short period of time that is now known as "The Hundred Days".
1815 Napoleon's return led him to a final campaign in Belgium. He was defeated in the Battle of Waterloo.

18. Exile, Return, Defeat at Waterloo

19. Exiled AGAIN, & then DEATH!

20. But What are the Effects of all this or Why does it matter?

21. From Napoleon to the Congress of Vienna

22. The Effects of the French Revolution & Napoleon’s Rule on Europe
The Congress of Vienna:
met for the purpose of
restoring Peace & Order to Europe.

23. Czar Alexander of Russia, Emperor Francis I of Austria &
King Frederick William III of Prussia
formed the HOLY ALLIANCE. Others present included: Ministers of France & Britain, Prince Kemen Von Metternich Minister of Austria

24. Klemens von Metternich Lead the conference with
3 Goals

26. Metternich’s 3 Goals for the Congress of Vienna:
OVERALL GOAL of the Congress:
Establish PEACE & STALBILITY
Metternich’s 3 Goals for the Congress of Vienna: 1
Make sure the French would not attack another country again 2
Restore a balance of power so no one country would be a threat to another country. 3
Restore legitimacy (European Family) back to the kings Napoleon had driven out.
BUT….. HOW WOULD THEY DO THESE THINGS???

27. Europe's great powers after 1815
France contained to original borders.
Required France to return territories conquered by Napoleon
Left France a major power but decrease their overall power
Established a Balance of Power in Europe
Formed Kingdom of the Netherlands
Created a German Confederation
Added Genoa to Sardinian Kingdom
Switzerland recognized as independent nations
Increased power of Britain & Prussia
Sparked Nationalism
Conservatives regained control of Europe
Revolts were triggered in the colonies

28. How did they ENFORCE these Changes?
The Concert of Europe
What: Series of alliances btwn Europe's great powers after 1815.
Purpose- to maintain the peace settlement concluded at the Congress of Vienna
AKA- the Congress System occurred at the Congress of Vienna
Main person at the Concert of Europe- Klemens Wenzel von Metternich of Austria.
PRIMARY GOAL- for the leading nations in Europe - Britain, Austria, Prussia & Russia - to work together to prevent the outbreak of revolution in each nation- e.g. PEACE

29. The Effects of The Congress of Vienna
Influenced World Politics for the next 100 years
Balance of Power:
balance of power diminished the size & power of France while increasing the power of Britain & Prussia
Nationalism:
Nationalism began to grow in Italy, Germany, Greece & other areas (new world) that the Congress had put under foreign control eventuated into revolution & new nations
European Colonial Revolutions
Spain’s colonies took advantage of the events in Europe to declare independence & break away from their European rulers

30. Long Term: Effect of the French Revolution
Old Ideas about control & authority were changed forever
More & more principles of democracy were seen as the best way for equity & justice
Old patterns of taxation & property ownership were challenged
Ideas about equality began to be adopted

31. Ch 7: The Final Analysis Imagine that it is 1816 and you are either,
Napoleon,
Metternich, or
a former French Revolutionary.
Write a letter in which you evaluate the events of the last 30 years.
Be sure to SPECIFICALLY mention at least 5 events of the past 30 years in your letter. Use your text and timeline notes to remind you of some of the important events.
Your letter must be at least one full page.

32. 1813- An coalition army of Britain, Russia, Prussia, Sweden & Austria attacked France & defeated Napoleon’s Army at Leipzig.
The Battle of Leipzig or the Battle of the Nations (16-19 October 1813) was the largest conflict in the Napoleonic Wars & the most decisive defeat suffered by Napoleon Bonaparte.