1. Password? CLASP Project Update C5 Meeting, 16 June 2000 Denise Heagerty, IT/IS

2. Outline  CLASP purpose and phase 1 Goals  Service survey results  Kerberos feasibility results  Integration with GRID applications  Smart cards  Security and Off-site considerations  Common Access Rights  Kerberos v5 Advantages Summary  Next Steps

3. Project CLASP Purpose For users both on and off the CERN site:  Investigate and propose a plan for implementing a common authentication mechanism for use by CERN services.  Investigate and propose a platform independent mechanism to provide controlled access to objects (e.g. systems, files, web pages) for authenticated users.

4. Phase 1 Goals  Document the current login/password mechanisms used on IT and AS services  Assess the feasibility of Kerberos v5 and/or other technology as a common authentication mechanism for the planned Windows 2000 & Linux 2000 environments  Investigate possibilities for platform independent access control  Propose next steps, including personnel and budget estimates

5. Service Survey Results  Service Survey at http://cern.ch/proj-clasp  Survey lists more than 30 different user services in IT, AS, EST, SL and ST Division using more than 12 different passwords  Most IT services use a common loginid centrally managed in CCDB AS Division integration is in progress  There is some password harmonisation: AFS, AIS, CADIM, MAIL, NICE  The explosion of different loginid/password pairs is mainly driven by web authors

6. Kerberos v5 Availablility  Kerberos v5 is available in both W2000 and Linux RH v6.2 KDC, libraries, some applications  AFS (Kerberos v4) requires a UNIX KDC MIT KDC + AFS extensions exist in public domain  W2000 requires a W2000 KDC Microsoft Kerberos includes security data  A complete solution requires separate KDCs with synchronised passwords documented by Cybersafe and Microsoft uses cross-realm authentication between the UNIX and W2000 KDCs

7. Kerberos Realms Common Database KDC1KDC2 W2000 Realm Linux Realm UNIX clients and servers W2000 clients and servers

8. Applications Survey  Single Sign On requires Kerberos interfaces in both client and server applications Defined by RFC2078: GSS-API (W2000 uses SSPI) Kerberized initial login is not enough for SSO  A CERN applications survey is in progress covers software in use today and Kerberos availability  Availability of Kerberized applications is limited, but popularity is growing Influenced by changes in US encryption exportation laws and adoption of Kerberos by Microsoft?

9. Kerberized applications  Mail IMAP server (U of Washington) - Yes! Outlook and Pine - Yes! Netscape - ?  Interactive Commands telnet, ftp, rcp, rlogin: UNIX - Yes! / W2000 - ? X, Xlock: Exceed - No / Others - ?  File Access AFS - Yes (via Kerberos v4 extension on UNIX KDC) Microsoft NTFS: W2000 - Yes!  Directory access LDAP and Active Directory - Yes!

10. Kerberized Web  A web server accesses web pages on behalf of the client  For protected pages, web server proposes authentication schemes to the client  No general solution for Kerberos v5  A Kerberos v5 solution is documented for Internet Explorer based on a server plug-in documented in a White Paper by Cybersafe web server can be UNIX (GSS-API) plug-in uses client forwarded TGT to act on its behalf needs further investigation

11. Integrating GRID Applications  Globus GRID security is based on PKI PKI = Public Key Infrastructure Public Key kept in an X.509 certificate  PKI does not provide Single Sign On private key is protected by a password/PIN code  Globus have implemented User Proxy Certificates to achieve Single Sign On your proxy private key is protected by the file system proxy certificates work in the Globus environment  Globus provide SSO between Kerberos v5 and Proxy Certificates can generate a proxy certificate from a Kerberos TGT

12. Smart Cards  Can store a user certificate and private key protected by a PIN code, normally requested each time the certificate is used Could be combined with new CERN physical access cards (at extra cost for the chip and writer) UBS smart card could be used for CERN authentication Globus works with Netscape on a PC (PKCS#11)  Card readers connect to serial or USB ports  Integrates with Kerberos v5 and Globus SSO  Early technology - compatibility problems  Not a general solution for off-site access requires card readers at all remote sites and systems

13. Security Considerations  Security of Single Sign On depends heavily on protection of the initial password  A kerberized initial login on a local W2000 or Linux system will not expose the user password on the network  A kerberized initial login across the network can expose a password Unencrypted sessions: e.g. X Windows, telnet, …  Network logins require additional security mechanisms to avoid exposing valid passwords - particularly off-site access

14. Off Site Access  We need to review off-site access to CERN Password sniffing is a serious and growing problem FNAL are adopting One Time Passwords using crypto cards combined with Kerberos v5 and SSO Other sites enforce ssh, but this only reduces network sniffing - user can still expose a password  Solutions for portables should be possible can be configured as if at CERN  Kerberos v5 (cross-realm) with trusted sites authenticate at remote site - no password at CERN  Need a general solution for other sites

15. Common Access Rights  Key/Initial applications: distribution lists web page protection file protections  Concept of “e-groups” looks useful electronic grouping of people/accounts defined centrally and made available to applications LDAP / Active Directory play a key role work is in progress

16. Kerberos v5 Advantages Summary  Common authentication technology across W2000 and UNIX platforms can focus expertise on a single protocol  A basis for cross-platform Single Sign On Requires kerberized applications  Allows authentication agreements with trusted remote sites cross-realm tests discussed with FNAL  Integrates with GRID Single Sign On Proxy certificates generated from Kerberos TGTs  Integrates with PKI PKINIT: from a certificate you can obtain a TGT

17. Conclusion  Kerberos v5 provides a good basis for common authentication and Single Sign On infrastructure available in W2000 and Linux RH v6.2 standard application interfaces (RFC 2078, MS-SSPI)  Some PKI (Public Key Infrastructure) is required for GRID applications Can be integrated with Kerberos v5 Single Sign On  Enhanced security is essential to overcome the vulnerability of the initial sign on  We need to control the explosion of web loginid/password pairs may need to consider non-Kerberos solutions

18. Next Steps: until Sep 2000  Continue testing: Kerberised mail, web, oracle applications cross-realm authentication GRID authentication and Kerberos integration  Collect feedback from the service providers cost/benefit analysis availability of resources for detailed planning  Prepare a proposal for CLASP Phase 2 Present proposal to an open C5 meeting before next FOCUS meeting (12 Oct 2000)

19. Password? http://cern.ch/proj-clasp CLASP studies have been made in collaboration with many colleagues both inside and outside IT Division - Thanks!