1. Vocabulary Level D Notes Pronunciation key is below the word.
Darken all semi-colons because they separate distinct definitions.
Write vocab. word in its correct form in blank and underline context clues!
Indicate the word’s connotation--  

2. The best sections in which to find good context clues are:
Never Forget:
“In vocabulary, as in life, context is everything!”
J. E. Ross
The best sections in which to find good context clues are:
Completing the Sentence
Sample sentences below definition
Choosing the Right Word
Initial reading passage

3. Unit 1
admonish: slightly neg. connotation; transitive = must have a direct object; d. o. = people or groups of people
breach: verb form = transitive; types of things that can be breached – security, etiquette, rules, contract, offensive line (football); noun often used w/ “of” or “in”
brigand: 
circumspect:  describes people
commandeer: often ; trans.; someone takes command of something w/out giving the person who owns it a choice

4. 6. cumbersome:  could describe a thing or a process; occasionally a person 7. deadlock:  process that should go forward cannot 8. debris:  9. diffuse: verb = science often– usually intrans. (no d. o.); middle def. refers to spoken or written language  10. dilemma:  11. efface: weather can efface writing on tombstones; people who are self-effacing try NOT to be noticed

5. 12. muddle: , noun and verb; “muddle through” means to get by, probably barely 13. opinionated: , applies to people or groups of people 14. perennial: can apply to anything that comes up over and over (like PSSAs or heavy traffic at the mall during the holidays) 15. predispose: often used in past tense as adj.; I’ve found that people who are opinionated are predisposed to like those with similar opinions. 16. relinquish: trans.; d. o. = something one doesn’t necessarily want to give up (implies reluctance)

6. 17. salvage:  although applying to neg
17. salvage:  although applying to neg. situation; verb form = trans; can apply to any disaster; can be figurative (salvaging a reputation) 18. spasmodic: unpredictable, sometimes frightening (gunfire, thunder) 19. spurious: , describes something that could be authentic but isn’t (watches, support for an argument, feelings that people fake) 20. unbridled: doesn’t refer to something that CAN’T be controlled– just something that ISN’T– enthusiasm, ambition, greed

7. Unit 1 Wrap
In which of your classes this year do students get admonished the most? Why?
What provisions have been made in Penndale to help prevent a security breach?
In what types of school-related activities, either in class or after school, are you required to be the most circumspect?
What speaker whom you have heard in the last year has been the most diffuse?

8. Unit 1 Wrap
In what class would you be required to evaluate claims and determine if they are genuine or spurious?
Under which schedule, this year’s or last year’s, are you required to carry around a more cumbersome pile of books and materials?
Is there a moment that happened in elementary school that you wish you could efface from your memory?
Which privilege that you have earned as you’ve gotten older are you most reluctant to relinquish?

9. Unit 1 Wrap
9. If you could change a rule or procedure here at Penndale, what change would you greet with unbridled enthusiasm?

11. Venn Diagram Info efface only people/ sentient beings trans. verb
relinquish
only people/ sentient beings
time, elements in addition to people
trans. verb
“gone” factor
exists but not in one’s possession
no longer exists

12. Venn Diagram Info cumbersome can refer to thinking
muddled
can refer to thinking
can refer to bulky things
adj. 
can be verb
awkward but not impossible
can describe process
becomes is

13. Venn Diagram Info commandeer admonish Sub. and D.O. = people
S. = people;
trans. verbs
purpose = order or compliance
D.O. = thing 
sub = people w/ authority
purpose = use

14. Unit 2
adjourn – trans.; proceedings that people are involved with; the one in control does the adjourning
alien -  -- can be noun or adj.
comely -  external appearances
compensate -  people get compensated for $, time, effort; when one sense is diminished, other senses may compensate for its loss
dissolute -  people w/ no moral compass
erratic -  refers to something that can have a dependable pattern but doesn’t

15. Unit 2
7. expulsion -  -- from somewhere/something 8. feint – strategic move to “fake out” an opponent 9. fodder – can be figurative 10. fortify -  - processed foods are often fortified b/c the processing takes out nutrients 11. illegible  12. jeer -  -- bullies start here often-noun and verb 13. lucrative -  $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 14. mediocre -  meh

16. Unit 2
15. proliferate – something has a life of its own 16. subjugate -  can be used literally (politics– dictators), figuratively – people can subjugate their emotions 17. sully -  lit. or fig.– can be sullied– honor, reputation, good name, image 18. tantalize -  19. terse – language/words 20. unflinching -  - always in the face of something negative; describe loyalty, devotion, courage, determination

17. Unit 3
abridge – transitive- d.o. = something written, time, space; fig. or lit.
adherent – same root as adhesive; people– to or of something/someone (stated or implied)
altercation – emotional & concrete; can escalate to something physical 
cherubic – literal or figurative 
condone – trans.=d.o. must be negative; “look the other way” when one shouldn’t
dissent – BIG, abstract, intransitive; dissent from– stated or implied

18. Unit 3
7. eminent – reputation or ability (people) ; second def. = physical 8. exorcise – trans.- d. o. = something negative (literal or figurative) 9. fabricate – trans. – d.o.= concrete or abstract 10. gluttony – pattern of being greedy “glutton for punishment) 11. irate - !!! 12. marauder -  brigand; “Marauder’s Map” 13. pauper - 

19. Unit 3
14. pilfer -  usually of small value 15. rift – concrete or abstract (relational) 16. semblance – (re-) used w/ OF 17. surmount -  trans.- d.o.= something neg. to achieve something pos! 18. terminated – trans.- d.o. = something in progress or in effect (relationship, contract, meeting) 19. trite - relates to language, written or spoken 20. usurp -  trans.- d.o.= position, often of power, or a role or office

20. Unit 4
abscond - -- intrans. = NO D. O.; -- involves not taking responsibility; abscond with
access – verb form = trans. (wasn’t a verb in the early 80s)
anarchy -  literal; figurative– STRONG word
arduous -  usually; refers to task or work– a process that is difficult
auspicious -  people CANNOT be auspicious– circumstances & situations can

21. Unit 4
daunt -  applies to people; must be in the face of peril; watch for other forms– undaunted, daunting
disentangle -  trans., lit. or fig.
fated – “meant to be”
hoodwink –  trans.; people do this; ranges from joking to malicious
inanimate – lit. or fig., In literature a _ _ _ _ _ _ character would be figuratively inanimate

22. Unit 4
incinerate -
intrepid  STRONG word, must be in the face of peril; applies to people
larceny  - applies to tangible things or ideas (plagiarism is a form of larceny)
pliant – lit. or fig.
pompous -  applies to people
precipice – lit. or fig. (anything could be on a figurative precipice if it’s about to collapse)

23. Unit 4 prototype – inventors need to make these
rectify --  not test corrections– involves big problems or moral/ethical issues
reprieve -  involves some form of mercy (snow days); someone in authority generally grants a reprieve
revile -  transitive very strong term; people revile something/someone who seems vile to them; syn.- “malign” – in later unit

24. Vocab. Unit 4

25. Unit 5
accomplice - 
annihilate -  Extremely strong; literal or figurative usage
arbitrary - ; can be based on people’s feelings; inherently not fair
brazen -  based on bad behavior that is completed right in front of an authority. These people don’t sneak around; disrespectfulness, disregard for something, violation of something can all be brazen

26. Unit 5
5. catalyst – first definition = chemical; second could be societal– for reform or other change; context will often include “for” something, either directly or implied 6. exodus – the idea is to get OUT in large numbers; usually people and usually for a significant time period, not to return immediately 7. facilitate -  trans. A process is facilitated or made easier: learning, growth, a discussion, someone’s efforts at doing something, research…

27. Unit 5
8. incorrigible –  look at the “corr” in the term and definition, break it down to get “not able to be corrected;” has to do with people’s behavior, NOT with test corrections; can be literal or figurative 9. latent – something is there all along, but one isn’t aware of it until a certain circumstance brings it out; things like talent, prejudice, abilities can be latent; fingerprints are called “latents”– they are there but one can’t see them under most ordinary circumstances

28. Unit 5
10. militant – Could be negative but depends on perspective (the British thought the colonists were militants, for example); the idea is that most often, the fighting is done for a cause 11. morose -  -- example– Eeyore from Winnie-the-Pooh– having a personal raincloud over one’s head; perhaps brooding over something 12. opaque – 1st def. is physical--blackout curtains must be opaque; an overhead transparency is the opposite of opaque; 2nd def. refers to language, sometimes deliberately difficult to understand; 3rd is figurative– refers to people not being able to understand something

29. Unit 5
13. paramount -  (usually); Paramount Pictures has a mountain and stars as its logo– nothing above; importance, concern, issues are things that can be paramount 14. prattle – intransitive = can’t have a direct object 15. rebut – transitive; most important word in definition is contradict; one can rebut an argument, assertion, statement, evidence, testimony, contention 16. reprimand - verb is transitive; d. o. = people or groups of people

30. Unit 5
17. servitude -  18. slapdash–  sounds like what it means (slap something together and run!); can describe projects or how something is done. A slapdash appearance indicates haste 19. stagnant -  literal or figurative 20. succumb -  intransitive; almost always occurs with “to” (direct or implied) something negative; one can succumb to temptation, the lure of something, illness, peer pressure, weakness, dread