1. AUTOMOTIVE RADAR APPLICATIONS
BRANDON RAVENSCROFT
05/01/2015

2. Motivations Safety Passive
Does not alter motion of vehicle, i.e. seatbelts
Active
Influence motion of vehicle, i.e. accelerate, apply brakes, steer
Comfort
Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC)

3. APPLICATIONS OF RADAR IN AUTOMOTIVE
PCS (Pre-Collision System)
ACC (Adaptive Cruise Control)
Cross Traffic Alert (CTA)
Blind Spot Detection
Lane Departure Warning
Robotic/Self-Driving Automobiles

4. A BRIEF HISTORY
Early collision detection units used infrared technology
Research in millimeter wave RADAR for automotive applications began in the early 1970’s
First became available in 1998 in the Daimler S class, originally as ACC only.
Widely available by 2003
SiGe semiconductor advances responsible for affordable application

5. IMPLEMENTATION
Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) – Typically Linear
Mono-static
Modules Located Under Bumpers
Multi-Channel: Allows for multiple FMCW signals

6. WHY 77 GHz? 24 GHz Advantages 77 GHz Advantages Cheaper Electronics
Power Consumption
Noise Figure
Frequency Band Widely Available in USA, Japan, Europe
Larger Bandwidth
Finer Range Resolution
Smaller Percentage Bandwidth
Smaller Sensor Aperture

7. FCC ALLOCATION SPECTRUM
GHz
Amateur

8. SENSOR CLASSIFICATIONS
Long Range Radar – LRR
55 dBm transmit power
76-77 GHz Band with 600 MHz BW
10 – 250 m Range
Range Resolution: 0.25 m
Narrow Beam Looking Ahead: ACC
Medium Range Radar – MRR
-9 dBm/Hz transmit power
77-81 GHz Band with 600 MHz BW
1-100 m Range
Medium Range Radar – MRR (Cont.)
Range Resolution: 0.25 m
Medium Distance: CTA
Short Range Radar – SRR
-9 dBm/Hz transmit power
77-81 GHz Band with 4 GHz BW
15cm – 30m Range
Range Resolution: 3.75 cm
Parking Aid, Close Proximity to Vehicle

9. RADAR CROSS SECTION - Single RCS
Typically characterized as multiple separate scattering centers
Mazda 6 Mono-static RCS
*Image Courtesy of Hasch, et al.

10. How ACC Works 𝑓 𝑏 = 𝑡 𝑅𝑇 ∗𝑘 Linear FM Chirp Problem: Doppler Frequency
𝑓 𝑏 = 𝑡 𝑅𝑇 ∗𝑘
Problem: Doppler Frequency
𝑓 𝑏 + 𝑓 𝑑
Range is constantly monitored and vehicle speed adjusted accordingly
*Image Courtesy of mathworks

11. How ACC Works 𝑓 𝑏 =(𝑓 𝑏𝑢 + 𝑓 𝑏𝑑 )/2 𝑓 𝑏 = 𝑡 𝑅𝑇 ∗𝑘
Solution: Up Chirp and Down Chirp Averages Out Doppler Shift
𝑓 𝑏 =(𝑓 𝑏𝑢 + 𝑓 𝑏𝑑 )/2
𝑓 𝑏 = 𝑡 𝑅𝑇 ∗𝑘
*Image Courtesy of mathworks

12. COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS TRW AC 1000 79GHz Long Range – Up To 250m
360 Degree Sensing
Integrated by Vehicle Manufacturer
MobileEye View 560
Offers CTA and Collision Prevention w/ Visible and Audible Cues
Add to Any Vehocle

13. REFERENCES
"Documentation." Automotive Adaptive Cruise Control Using FMCW Technology. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Apr < cruise-control-using-fmcw-technology.html>.
Management, Ntia Office Of Spectrum. U.S. Frequency Allocation Chart (n.d.): n. pag. Web. 30 Apr < allochrt.pdfhttp:// allochrt.pdf>.
Hasch, Jurgen, Eray Topak, Raik Schnabel, Thomas Zwick, Robert Weigel, and Christian Waldschmidt. "Millimeter-Wave Technology for Automotive Radar Sensors in the 77 GHz Frequency Band." IEEE Xplore. IEEE, Mar Web. 01 May <

14. REFERENCES
"Mobileye 560." Mobileye Mobileye 560 Comments. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 May < 560/>.
"TRW." Radar Technologies. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 May <
"Automotive Radar Millimeter-Wave Technology." |Freescale. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Apr <