1. What you need to know about women during the Third Reich : What were Nazi policies towards women (appearance, jobs, expectations)? What were Nazi policies towards women (appearance, jobs, expectations)? How did this compare to expectations of women/women’s lives during the Weimar Republic years? How did this compare to expectations of women/women’s lives during the Weimar Republic years? How and why did Nazi policy towards women change from 1937? How and why did Nazi policy towards women change from 1937? What impact did these policies have? What impact did these policies have? How successful were they? How successful were they?

2. Women ‘did’ politics! Women over 20 could voteWomen over 20 could vote By 1933 10% of deputies in the Reichstag were femaleBy 1933 10% of deputies in the Reichstag were female Women had careers! Many took up careers in the professions – law, medicine and teaching.Many took up careers in the professions – law, medicine and teaching. By 1933 there were 3000 female doctors.By 1933 there were 3000 female doctors. Women had social lives! They went out unescorted, drank and smoked in publicThey went out unescorted, drank and smoked in public Many were slim and fashion consciousMany were slim and fashion conscious Wore make up, cut hair short etc.Wore make up, cut hair short etc. Under the Weimar Republic…..

3. of what German women should be like….. The Nazis had a much more traditional view of what German women should be like….. The Nazis believed men and women had different roles. A man’s role was as a worker or soldier. A woman’s place was in the home, having children and caring for her family. The Nazis believed men and women had different roles. A man’s role was as a worker or soldier. A woman’s place was in the home, having children and caring for her family. The Nazis were worried by the decline in the birth rate – The Nazis were worried by the decline in the birth rate – 1900: over 2 million live births per year 1900: over 2 million live births per year 1933: under 1 million live births per year 1933: under 1 million live births per year Contraception and working women were causing this decline. If Germany was to become a great power again, it needed to increase its population. Contraception and working women were causing this decline. If Germany was to become a great power again, it needed to increase its population.

4. Doesn’t go to work. All women doctors and civil servants were dismissed. Aryan, heavy hipped, flat heels, no make-up. Wears clothes made from home produced substitutes for imported wool, cotton and silk. Takes no interest in politics. Athletic, non-smoking and non-slimming – for maximum fertility. Has a large family and is an ideal mother….brings up children as loyal Nazis, encouraging them to worship the Fuhrer and join Hitler Youth Does all household duties, especially cooking. The ideal Nazi woman

5. How were women encouraged to have children? Propaganda to promote large families and motherhood. Marriage loans – to help young couples (providing the wife left her job). For each child born to a couple, the state would write off 25% of their loan. The Lebensborn – unmarried, Aryan women were encouraged to ‘donate a baby to the Fuhrer’ by becoming pregnant by ‘racially pure’ SS men 1938 – divorce law was changed to allow divorce if either a husband or wife could not have children.

6. How and why did the Nazis change their policies towards women from 1937 onwards? Germany was rearming. Men were joining the army. Women were needed in armaments factories. Germany was rearming. Men were joining the army. Women were needed in armaments factories. Marriage loans were abolished. Marriage loans were abolished. Women had to serve a compulsory ‘duty year’ after entering employment. Women had to serve a compulsory ‘duty year’ after entering employment. The Nazis still didn’t give up on their other aim – for women to produce more children! The Nazis still didn’t give up on their other aim – for women to produce more children!

7. Successes The birth-rate did increase from less than 1m in 1933 to 1.4m by 1939.The birth-rate did increase from less than 1m in 1933 to 1.4m by 1939. Many women were keen supporters of the Nazis.Many women were keen supporters of the Nazis. A lot of women felt better off under the Nazis, especially those who were rewarded financially by the Nazi government for having children.A lot of women felt better off under the Nazis, especially those who were rewarded financially by the Nazi government for having children. Failures The birth-rate didn’t increase as dramatically as hoped!The birth-rate didn’t increase as dramatically as hoped! For some women, the pressure to have children became too much. There were some cases of women kidnapping babies.For some women, the pressure to have children became too much. There were some cases of women kidnapping babies. Before 1937, despite Nazi propaganda, female employment actually increased, mainly due to the economic recovery. Employers preferred to employ women as they could be paid less.Before 1937, despite Nazi propaganda, female employment actually increased, mainly due to the economic recovery. Employers preferred to employ women as they could be paid less. After 1937, more women did get jobs, but not as many as hoped. By 1939 there were fewer women working than there had been in Weimar Germany before the Depression.After 1937, more women did get jobs, but not as many as hoped. By 1939 there were fewer women working than there had been in Weimar Germany before the Depression. What was the impact of Nazi policies towards women? Were they successful?

8. The 4 mark ‘inference’ question Don’t use your own knowledge Don’t use your own knowledge Give ONE supported inference. You could do 2 to be on the safe side. Give ONE supported inference. You could do 2 to be on the safe side. Support your inference(s) with a direct quote from the source. Support your inference(s) with a direct quote from the source.

9. The 4 mark ‘inference’ question What can you learn from source A about the treatment of women in Nazi Germany? Source A suggests that women were expected to conform to the Nazis’ expectations of their appearance and behaviour, and were denied the opportunity to have a career. I know this because it says “Women…were forced to stay at home…..make up was frowned upon.” 4/4 marks THE EXAMINER SAYS…. The answer picks up on something the source suggests, but doesn’t actually say about the treatment of women– ie. it makes an inference The answer picks up on something the source suggests, but doesn’t actually say about the treatment of women– ie. it makes an inference The answer doesn’t use wording which is too close to the wording of the source – this is copying or paraphrasing, and would only get 1 mark The answer doesn’t use wording which is too close to the wording of the source – this is copying or paraphrasing, and would only get 1 mark It backs up the inference with a short quote from the source It backs up the inference with a short quote from the source

10. Explain the effects of Nazi policies towards women. (8 marks) With all 8 markers, aim for 2 points if you can impact Focus on the effects (impact) of policies, not on what the policies were. To get B or above on explain the effects of Qs, try to explain the longer term significance of the effects. Explain the effects of x = what difference did x make?

11. QUESTION 1c: Explain the effects of……. (8 marks) One effect of x was…….. For example…….. (explain the effect using detailed knowledge). This led to..... (try to explain the longer term significance of the effect). One effect of x was…….. For example…….. (explain the effect using detailed knowledge). This led to..... (try to explain the longer term significance of the effect). A second effect of x was…….. For example…….. (explain the effect using detailed knowledge). This led to..... (try to explain the longer term significance of the effect). A second effect of x was…….. For example…….. (explain the effect using detailed knowledge). This led to..... (try to explain the longer term significance of the effect). To reach an A*, link your two effects You only need a conclusion if you’re aiming for an A* Another way of reaching an A* on this Q is to link your two effects at the end, by writing a short conclusion explaining the link. You only need a conclusion if you’re aiming for an A* 10 mins Explain the effects of Nazi policies towards women Effect 1: Women were denied the opportunity to have a career. Under the WR there were 3000 female doctors, and 10% of Reichstag deputies were women. After 1933, female doctors and civil servants were pushed out of their jobs. Women were expected to be homemakers and mothers, and not be interested in politics or careers. Effect 2: Women felt pressured to have children, and to conform to Nazi expectations. Incentives eg. marriage loans Lebensborn Expectations of dress, appearance and healthy lifestyle

12. One is either a Christian or a German. You can ’ t be both … What do you think Hitler meant by this?

13. People who believed in God might be less likely to worship Hitler as the leader of Germany. In 1933 nearly all Germans were Christians. Approximately 33% Catholic and 66% Protestant. There was common ground between the Nazis and the churches on several issues – eg. the importance of family life. Churches provided a local power base for the Nazis. If they could build on this they would be even stronger. Church meetings could be used for spreading anti- Nazi ideas. Does each bubble show a reason for or against destroying the Churches? There were Church schools and youth groups whose message to the young was at odds with that of the Nazis. Catholics owed their first allegiance to the Pope, not Hitler.

14. Hitler signed an agreement with the Pope that neither would interfere with the ‘business’ of the other.Hitler signed an agreement with the Pope that neither would interfere with the ‘business’ of the other. Concordat 1933 Catholics schools & youth groups were closed downCatholics schools & youth groups were closed down Priests were harassed. Outspoken critics of the Nazis were sent to CCs.Priests were harassed. Outspoken critics of the Nazis were sent to CCs. Persecution after 1933 The Pope made a famous statement attacking the Nazi system, titled With Burning AnxietyThe Pope made a famous statement attacking the Nazi system, titled With Burning Anxiety The Pope speaks out 1937 How did Hitler deal with the Catholic Church? The Nazis never destroyed the Churches….they just weakened them as a source of resistance to Nazi policies.

15. Hitler united all the various Protestant Churches under the name of ‘The Reich Church’. It was led by Nazi supporter Bishop Muller.Hitler united all the various Protestant Churches under the name of ‘The Reich Church’. It was led by Nazi supporter Bishop Muller. The Reich Church Members of the Reich Church were called German Christians.Members of the Reich Church were called German Christians. Their slogan: the swastika on our breasts and the cross in our hearts.Their slogan: the swastika on our breasts and the cross in our hearts. The German Christians In 1934 Pastor Niemoller set up the Confessional Church to speak out against Nazi policies.In 1934 Pastor Niemoller set up the Confessional Church to speak out against Nazi policies. Niemoller was arrested in 1937 and sent to a CC.Niemoller was arrested in 1937 and sent to a CC. Opposition dealt with How did Hitler deal with the Protestant Church? The Nazis never destroyed the Churches….they just weakened them as a source of resistance to Nazi policies.

16. QUESTION 1b: Describe the key features of….. Describe the measures taken…. Describe the policies of….. Describe the weaknesses of…. (6 marks) One policy was….. + factual knowledge to develop it One policy was….. + factual knowledge to develop it A second policy was….. + factual knowledge to develop it A second policy was….. + factual knowledge to develop it In the first sentence of each paragraph, identify the measure. In the first sentence of each paragraph, identify the measure. Then develop it with factual knowledge. Then develop it with factual knowledge. 10 mins ACTIVITY Decide and write down – what are your two measures (first sentences of each paragraph) going to be? Decide and write down – what are your two measures (first sentences of each paragraph) going to be? Then jot down 3 bullet points of factual knowledge to develop/support each measure. Then jot down 3 bullet points of factual knowledge to develop/support each measure.

17. The 6 mark ‘describe’ question Describe the measures taken by Hitler to control the churches in Germany. One measure taken by Hitler to control the Churches was the Concordat. This was an agreement which Hitler made with the Pope in July 1933. The Pope agreed to stay out of politics and Hitler agreed not to interfere with the Catholic Church. Hitler saw the Catholic Church as a threat because Catholics had divided loyalties – their first allegiance was to the Pope. Really, the Concordat just lulled the Catholic Church into a false sense of security. A second measure which Hitler took to control the Churches was repression. A few months after signing the Concordat, Catholic schools were interfered with and eventually closed down. Priests were harassed and open critics of the Nazis were sent to concentration camps, such as Protestant Pastor Niemoller, who had set up the Confessional Church to oppose Nazi social policies. 6/6 marks HOW DID IT GET 6/6? Clear measure identified in first sentence of each paragraph, eg. One measure was the Concordat…. Clear measure identified in first sentence of each paragraph, eg. One measure was the Concordat…. Two paragraphs – One measure was… A second measure was…. Two paragraphs – One measure was… A second measure was…. Good factual knowledge to develop each measure Good factual knowledge to develop each measure

18. QUESTION 2 TYPE B: Explain how……. (8 marks) METHOD/IMPACT One way in which x dealt with y was… For example…….. (explain how the method or policy dealt with the issue). This dealt with y because..... (sum up the impact of the method on the issue (y)). One way in which x dealt with y was… For example…….. (explain how the method or policy dealt with the issue). This dealt with y because..... (sum up the impact of the method on the issue (y)). Explain how Hitler dealt with the Catholic and Protestant churches in Germany in the years 1933-39. Eg. Explain how Hitler dealt with the Catholic and Protestant churches in Germany in the years 1933-39. Q2 can be phrased in two ways. One type is focusing on how someone (x) dealt with an issue (y). For this type of question, make sure you focus on methods or policies. With all 8 markers, aim for 2 points if you can. You can reach up to 6/8 marks (a B grade) with just one, well explained reason. However, to reach a B grade or above don’t focus simply on what was done (eg. Concordat), but on how these actions dealt with the issue (eg. lulling the Catholic Church into a false sense of security). To reach an A*, link your two methods You only need a conclusion if you’re aiming for an A* Another way of reaching an A* on this Q is to write a short conclusion explaining the link between the 2 methods. You only need a conclusion if you’re aiming for an A* A second way in which x dealt with y was… For example…….. (explain how the method or policy dealt with the issue). This dealt with y because..... (sum up the impact of the method on the issue (y)). A second way in which x dealt with y was… For example…….. (explain how the method or policy dealt with the issue). This dealt with y because..... (sum up the impact of the method on the issue (y)). 10 mins

19. Explain how Hitler dealt with the Catholic and Protestant churches in Germany in the years 1933- 39. Explain how Hitler dealt with the Catholic and Protestant churches in Germany in the years 1933- 39. METHOD 1 Catholic Church was encouraged to believe that the Nazis wouldn’t persecute it – but they did! Concordat Persecution of Catholic priests/closing down of Catholic schools and youth movements METHOD 2 By taking control of the Church from within – the Protestant Churches were united, making them easier to control. The Reich Church & its pro-Nazi leader Bishop Muller Nazi symbols, flags and slogan OVERALL/ A* LINK Rather than destroying the Churches, both methods were ways of limiting their power to oppose Nazi policies.