1. Beyond 4 Generation 指導教授 : 黃光渠 教授 組員 :R96034050 盧嘉翎 、 R96031036 黃宥筌、 R96031052 詹克暉

2. Outline Background History and Development Technology of beyond 4G Bottleneck of beyond 4G How to solve? Conclusion

3. What is B4G? How will this trend continue to future systems which will be deployed in some 10 years from now which will be advanced enough to be called “Beyond 4G” (B4G)?

4. History and Development “ We went from 1G that was analog voice-centric [network technology] to 2G oice- centric with some data, to 3G with a more data-centric approach and then 4G with megabits higher data rates and a real data focus,”

5. Technology Rel-12, further enhancements and new technologies are being proposed at the 3GPP meetings.

6. key technologies Carrier aggregation (CA) Enhanced MIMO Cooperative multipoint transmission and reception Relays

7. Carrier aggregation (CA) Benfit: 1.Inter-cell interference mitigation. 2.Handover improvement. 3.Energy savings. 4.Load-balancing.

8. Enhanced MIMO Multiple Input-Multiple Output (MIMO) and has become an essential technology for every current or future wireless system attempting to achieve very high data rates.

9. Cooperative multipoint transmission and reception A key tool to improve system efficiency, cell- edge throughput and coverage of future 3GPP cellular networksis coordinated multipoint transmission and reception (CoMP).

10. Scenario 1: Coordination is performed within the several cells of the same eNB in an homogeneous scenario consisting of regular eNBs. No eNB interconnection links are needed in this scenario. Scenario 2: The coordination area is extended to include other macrocells managed from other sites.

11. Scenario 3: Inter-cell CoMP in heterogeneous deployment. In this scenario, base stations of different transmission powers coexist interconnected with high- capacity backhaul connection. Scenario 4: Distributed antenna system (DAS) with shared cell ID.

12. Relays Since Rel-10, LTE-Advanced introduced relays to improve the performance of the network. A relay node (RN) receives and transfers information wirelessly to a donor eNB (DeNB) through the new Un interface. Also, the RN receives and transmits data to UEs through the Uu interface, the same one already used by UEs to communicate with eNBs. As such, a RN has both eNB functionality (to serve UEs) and UE functionality (to communicate with the DeNB).

13. Benefits : 1.Provide coverage in new areas Relays can be deployed in areas where the usual eNB backhaul solutions (e.g. fiber, microwave links) are not available or are too expensive. 2.Temporary network deployments Due to their easier deployment,RNs can be deployed and removed significantly faster than eNBs. This makes RNs suitable for temporary deployments. 3.Cell-edge throughput By deploying RNs near the celledge, the throughput of cell-edge UEs can be improved. 4.Improved data rate By deploying RNs in areas with low signal levels, better signal quality can be provided to surrounding UEs, increasing their achievable data rate. 5.Group mobility In scenarios where several UEs move in a group (e.g. UEs in a train), a co- located relay can provide improve mobility performance for this group.

14. 6.operators also see relays as a way to reduce their capital and operational expenses. 1)The cost of a relay by itself should be less than the cost of an eNB. This is in general true if we consider that relays should have lower complexity than eNBs. 2)By not needing a wired backhaul, deployments are faster than for eNBs; therefore, less expensive. 3)By deploying the RNs in appropriate locations, the total power needed to serve UEs can be reduced. Therefore, the energy-related operational expenses are lower.

15. Device-to-device communication The paradigm of device-to-device communication (D2D), also known as proximity services (ProSe), is another key enabling technology for LTE-Advanced that has been included in Rel-12 for consideration.

16. 4. Bottleneck of beyond significant technical challenges move beyond 4G systems

17. The key questions are Develop resource allocation methods that support desired services and that achieve fairness objectives. Establish optimization techniques to manage the tradeoffs between power, degree and frequency of reconfigurability, channel depth, and spectrum efficiency.

18. The key questions are Identify and develop an appropriate device platform in terms of power consumption, programming model and scalability? Identify and develop a system architecture that is flexible yet sufficiently scalable to support both carrier-centric and Internet economic models?

20. How to solve? The well known ways to increase peak data rate are to provide more RF bandwidth, more MIMO branches and usage of higher modulation order. six MIMO streams and 64QAM per stream 10 Gb/s can be delivered more robustly relying on 350 MHz bandwidth. Providing high data rates where users request them will mandate to augment macro cellular networks with many small cells

21. Conclusion Both industry and academia have continued improving LTE-Advanced through enhancements in the core technologies. B4G can combine the Internet and cloud-to- end (end-to-end) virtualization transmission. malware protection programs (malware protection), Intrusion Prevention System (intrusion prevention) and anomaly detection systems (Anomaly detection) and other tools to improve transport safety protection.

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