1. End Show Slide 1 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 28–4 Echinoderms

2. End Show 28–4 Echinoderms Slide 2 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall What are the distinguishing features of echinoderms? What Is an Echinoderm?

3. End Show 28–4 Echinoderms Slide 3 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall What Is an Echinoderm? Echinoderms are characterized by spiny skin, an internal skeleton, a water vascular system, and suction-cuplike structures called tube feet. Most adult echinoderms exhibit five-part radial symmetry. Sea stars, sea urchins, and sand dollars are all echinoderms.

4. End Show 28–4 Echinoderms Slide 4 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall What Is an Echinoderm? The skin of echinoderms is stretched over an endoskeleton that is formed of hardened plates of calcium carbonate. Adult echinoderms typically have no anterior or posterior end and lack cephalization. The side in which the mouth is located is called the oral surface, and the opposite side is called the aboral surface. What Is an Echinoderm?

5. End Show 28–4 Echinoderms Slide 5 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall What functions are carried out by the water vascular system of echinoderms? Form and Function in Echinoderms

6. End Show 28–4 Echinoderms Slide 6 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Form and Function in Echinoderms Echinoderms have a system of internal tubes called a water vascular system. The water vascular system carries out many essential body functions, including respiration, circulation, and movement. Form and Function in Echinoderms

7. End Show 28–4 Echinoderms Slide 7 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Echinoderm Anatomy Form and Function in Echinoderms

8. End Show 28–4 Echinoderms Slide 8 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The water vascular system opens to the outside through a sievelike structure called a madreporite. Form and Function in Echinoderms madreporite

9. End Show 28–4 Echinoderms Slide 9 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall A tube foot is attached to each radial canal. Form and Function in Echinoderms

10. End Show 28–4 Echinoderms Slide 10 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Tube feet act together to create enormous force allowing echinoderms to “walk,” and pull open shelled prey. Form and Function in Echinoderms

11. End Show 28–4 Echinoderms Slide 11 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Feeding Echinoderms have several methods of feeding. Sea urchins use five-part jawlike structures to scrape algae from rocks. Sea lilies use tube feet along their arms to capture floating plankton. Sea cucumbers move across the ocean floor, taking in sand and detritus. Form and Function in Echinoderms

12. End Show 28–4 Echinoderms Slide 12 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Sea stars usually feed on mollusks such as clams and mussels. Form and Function in Echinoderms

13. End Show 28–4 Echinoderms Slide 13 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The sea star starts digesting the mollusk in its own shell. The sea star pulls its stomach and the partially digested prey into its mouth. Form and Function in Echinoderms

14. End Show 28–4 Echinoderms Slide 14 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Respiration and Circulation In most echinoderms, the thin-walled tissue of the tube feet provides the main surface for respiration. In some species, small outgrowths called skin gills also function in gas exchange. Circulation of needed materials and wastes takes place throughout the water vascular system. Form and Function in Echinoderms

15. End Show 28–4 Echinoderms Slide 15 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Excretion In most echinoderms, digestive wastes are released as feces through the anus. Nitrogen-containing cellular wastes are excreted primarily in the form of ammonia. This waste is passed into surrounding water through the thin walled tissues of tube feet and skin gills. Form and Function in Echinoderms

16. End Show 28–4 Echinoderms Slide 16 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Response Most echinoderms have a nerve ring that surrounds the mouth, and radial nerves that connect the ring with the body sections. Most echinoderms have scattered sensory cells that detect light, gravity, and chemicals released by potential prey. Form and Function in Echinoderms

17. End Show 28–4 Echinoderms Slide 17 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Movement Most echinoderms move using tube feet. Sand dollars and sea urchins have movable spines attached to the endoskeleton. Sea stars and brittle stars use their arms for locomotion. Sea cucumbers crawl by using both tube feet and the muscles of their body wall. Form and Function in Echinoderms

18. End Show 28–4 Echinoderms Slide 18 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Reproduction Echinoderms reproduce by external fertilization. Both sperm and eggs are shed into open water, where fertilization takes place. The larvae swim around for some time. Larvae then swim to the ocean bottom and develop into adults. Form and Function in Echinoderms

19. End Show 28–4 Echinoderms Slide 19 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall What are the different classes of echinoderms? Groups of Echinoderms

20. End Show 28–4 Echinoderms Slide 20 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Groups of Echinoderms Classes of echinoderms include sea urchins and sand dollars; brittle stars; sea cucumbers; sea stars; sea lilies and feather stars.

21. End Show 28–4 Echinoderms Slide 21 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Sea Urchins and Sand Dollars (Class Echinoidea) Sea urchins and sand dollars have large, solid plates that form a box around their internal organs. Many are detritivores or grazers that eat large quantities of algae. Sand dollars often burrow under layers of sand or mud to protect themselves. Some sea urchins wedge themselves in rock crevices during the day. Groups of Echinoderms

22. End Show 28–4 Echinoderms Slide 22 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Sea urchins

23. End Show 28–4 Echinoderms Slide 23 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Sand dollar

24. End Show 28–4 Echinoderms Slide 24 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Brittle Stars (Class Ophiuroidea) Brittle stars are common in many parts of the sea, especially on coral reefs. They are filter feeders and detritivores. Brittle stars have slender, flexible arms. They shed one or more arms when attacked. The detached arm keeps moving, distracting the predator while the brittle star escapes. Groups of Echinoderms

25. End Show 28–4 Echinoderms Slide 25 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Brittle stars

26. End Show 28–4 Echinoderms Slide 26 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Sea Cucumbers (Class Holothuroidea) Most sea cucumbers are detritus feeders. Herds roam across the deep-sea floor sucking up organic matter and the remains of other animals and plants. Sea cucumbers look like warty, moving pickles. Groups of Echinoderms

27. End Show 28–4 Echinoderms Slide 27 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Sea cucumber

28. End Show 28–4 Echinoderms Slide 28 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Sea Stars (Class Asteroidea) Most sea stars are carnivorous, preying on bivalves. If a sea star is pulled into pieces, each piece will grow into a new animal, as long as it contains a portion of the central part of the body. Sea stars move by creeping slowly along the ocean floor. Groups of Echinoderms

29. End Show 28–4 Echinoderms Slide 29 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Sea star

30. End Show 28–4 Echinoderms Slide 30 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Sea Lilies and Feather Stars (Class Crinoidea) Sea lilies and feather stars are common in tropical oceans. Many modern feather stars live on coral reefs, where they perch on top of rocks and use their tube feet to catch floating plankton. Groups of Echinoderms

31. End Show 28–4 Echinoderms Slide 31 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Sea lily

32. End Show 28–4 Echinoderms Slide 32 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Feather star

33. End Show 28–4 Echinoderms Slide 33 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Ecology of Echinoderms A sudden rise or fall in the number of echinoderms can cause major changes to populations of other marine organisms. Sea urchins help control the distribution of algae and other forms of marine life.

34. End Show 28–4 Echinoderms Slide 34 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Sea stars are important predators that help control the numbers of other organisms. The crown-of-thorns sea star has destroyed extensive areas of coral in the Great Barrier Reef of Australia. Ecology of Echinoderms

35. End Show 28–4 Echinoderms Slide 35 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Rown of thorns sea star

36. End Show - or - Continue to: Click to Launch: Slide 36 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 28–4

37. End Show Slide 37 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 28–4 The body plan of echinoderms is unusual in that adult echinoderms a.lack cephalization. b.lack a nervous system. c.lack cephalization and cannot move. d.lack radial symmetry.

38. End Show Slide 38 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 28–4 The larvae of echinoderms are a.not symmetrical. b.radially symmetrical. c.bilaterally symmetrical. d.spherically symmetrical.

39. End Show Slide 39 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 28–4 The water vascular system of echinoderms opens to the environment through the a.tube feet. b.siphon. c.madreporite. d.mouth.

40. End Show Slide 40 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 28–4 The crown-of-thorns sea star is a major threat to a.marine algae. b.coral reefs. c.sea cucumbers. d.bottom-dwelling fish.

41. End Show Slide 41 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 28–4 All of the following are echnioderms EXCEPT a.sea stars. b.horseshoe crabs. c.sea cucumbers. d.sand dollars and sea urchins.

42. END OF SECTION