1. Whales, Dolphins and Porpoises Whales, dolphins and porpoises are cetaceans (Class Mammalia, Order Cetacea) Of all the marine mammals, cetaceans (and sirenians) have made the most complete transition to aquatic life – Spend their entire lives in the water – The bodies of cetaceans are streamlined and look remarkably fish-like; an example of convergent evolution

2. Convergent Evolution: Streamlining Convergent evolution is the process by which unrelated species evolve similar physical characteristics because they have similar lifestyles

3. Whales, Dolphins, and Porpoises Cetaceans have a pair of front flippers, but the rear pair of limbs has virtually disappeared – Remain in adults as small, useless bones – Most cetaceans have a dorsal fin, like fishes – Their muscular tail ends in a pair of fin- like, horizontal flukes

4. Whales, Dolphins, and Porpoises – Blubber provides cetaceans with insulation – Cetacean nostrils are on top of the head, forming a single, or double opening called the blowhole

5. Whales, Dolphins and Porpoises There are ~90 species of cetaceans All are marine, except for 5 species of freshwater dolphins Cetaceans are divided into two groups: – Toothed whales – includes dolphins & porpoises – Baleen whales; toothless, filter-feeding whales Photos property of the Riverhead Foundation

8. Cetaceans: Toothed Whales The majority of cetaceans are toothed whales Toothed whales use their teeth only to catch and hold prey, not to chew it Toothed whales have a single blowhole (one opening) on the top of their head Though they are all whales, most of the small toothed whales are called dolphins or porpoises Photo property of the Riverhead Foundation

9. Is it a dolphin or a porpoise? The six species of porpoises are blunt-nosed whales, having flattened teeth The many more species of dolphins possess a distinctive snout or ‘beak’ and have conical teeth Porpoise (Family Phocenidae) Dolphin (Family Delphinidae)

10. The Toothed Whale Whales The toothed “whales” include the sperm whale, beluga, pilot whales, beaked whales, and orca, each divided into their own families

11. A bottlenose whale? Yes!

12. Echolocation All species of toothed whales are capable of echolocation Marine mammals echolocate by emitting sound waves, and listen for the echoes reflected back from surrounding objects – The brain then analyzes the echoes – The time it takes the echoes to return tells the animal how far away the object is – A type of biological sonar!

13. Echolocation

14. Baleen Whales Toothless whales are best known as baleen whales Instead of teeth, they have rows of flexible plates, or baleen, which hang down from the upper jaws Baleen is made of keratin The inner edge of each plate consists of hair- like bristles that overlap and form a dense mat

15. Baleen whales

16. Baleen Whales

17. Baleen whales are characterized not only by their baleen, but by the double opening of their blowholes (double blowhole) Baleen whales can be further divided into the rorquals; rorquals feed by gulping up schools of fish and swarms of krill – The lower portion of the throat expands during feeding, along distinctive grooves Photo property of the Riverhead Foundation