1. Rulers, Families, and Politics
ca 1450 – 1700

2. Italy
City-States
Struggles between HRE, Papacy and merchants contributed to independence
Medici: Ruled Grand Duchy of Tuscany (Florence being the main city)
Giovanni (founder of Medici dynasty): Florence $$$
Cosimo: Unofficial ruler of Florence
Lorenzo: Pope
2 Popes, many cardinals, 2 French queens

3. Main places:
Grand Duchy of Tuscany (Republic of Florence)
Republic Genoa
Duchy of Milan
Papal States
Naples (Kingdom of the two Sicilies)
Venetian Republic
1494 Charles VIII (France) invaded Italy to take Naples – succeeded but couldn’t hold on

4. 1508 a similar occurrence happened in Venice
1498 Louis XII (France) took Milan – he was great grandson of the Duke of Milan
Spain helped
French-Spanish alliance faltered and Spain kicked France out of Milan
1508 a similar occurrence happened in Venice
This continued for a long time!
England was occasionally involved

5. France Hundred Years War between France and England eroded nobility
Kings grew stronger
Commerce brought $
National army under king formed

6. Henry II Valois persecute Huguenots
Francis Valois
Rival to HRE Charles V
Passed taille (direct tax on property)
Concordat of Bologna Pope collect annates (1st year revenue from church) and French king had power to nominate high officials in church thus nationalizing the French church
Henry II Valois persecute Huguenots

7. Catherine Medici and controlled Francis II, Charles IX, and Henry III
St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre Catholic mobs slaughtered Huguenots
France divided between Valois, Bourbon, and Guise as well as Catholic and Huguenot

8. Henry IV (Navarre) Bourbon united Huguenots
Converted to Catholicism to finish reuniting France
“Paris is worth a mass”
Edict of Nantes – guaranteed religious and civil freedom to Huguenots
Tax system restructured to increase prosperity (Duke of Sully = finance minister did this)
Henry died and corruption set in

9. Louis XIII Bourbon took over
Cardinal Richelieu was prime minister
Richelieu centralized gov’t and encouraged commerce
Intendant system= bourgeoisie officials answerable only to king supervised provinces
Louis XIV (Sun King) Bourbon
Mother regent (Louis was 4 when VIII died)
Italian Cardinal Mazarin was prime minister

10. 1661 Louis XIV declred himself prime minister “L’Etat c’est moi”
Wars of the Fronde (nobles trying to limit the power of monarch – they failed)
1661 Louis XIV declred himself prime minister “L’Etat c’est moi”
Bishop Jacques Bossuet provided divine right philosophy
Louis ruled over the French Golden Age
France strongest and most cultured

11. French foreign policy
War of Devolution ( ) – unsuccessful attempt at seizing Spanish Netherlands (Belgium)
Tried to expand border to Rhine river – failed
Seizure of Luxemburg and attempt to take Alsace-Lorraine – largely countered by League of Augsburg (Alliance between HRE, Holland, Spain, & England)

12. War of the Spanish Succession ( ) – Bourbons tried to gain control of Spain upsetting the Balance of Power – he was opposed by the Grand Alliance (major states of West Europe)
Treaty of Utrecht settled the dispute – France and Spain forbidden from being ruled by same monarch

13. England Henry VII Tudor won War of the Roses
Related to both houses (Lancaster and York)
Owed elevation to monarch to Parliament
Regulated trade and raised revenues from middle class

14. Edward VI Tudor (10 when dad died)
Henry VIII Tudor
Impetuous, extravagant, passionate, short tempered, ambitious
6 Wives
Anglican Church
Worked with Parliament
Edward VI Tudor (10 when dad died)
Duke of Somerset regent (Calvinist and removed)
Another regent made Anglican Book of Common Prayer official

15. Mary Tudor (1553-1558) Edward died at age 16
Catholic and married to Philip II of Spain
English hated the Spanish
Bloody Mary was her nickname (executed protestants)

16. Elizabeth I Tudor (The Virgin Queen)
Last Tudor monarch
Power balanced between Parliament and monarch
Edge of Religious upheaval
Wealth from arable land and excellence in trade
Gentry (lesser nobles) mingle with middle class and became powerful through commerce

17. Never married (hence Virgin Queen)
Highly intelligent
The Thirty-Nine Articles (1563) defined Anglicanism and pleased everyone but the Puritans
Allied with the Dutch against Spain
Privateers sent to prey on Spanish ships in the New World
Spain conspired to put Mary Stuart on Eng throne (Eliz executed her)

18. Spain declared war on England England defeated the Spanish Armada
Golden Age of English literature
Shakespeare
Marlowe
Bacon
Donne
Spenser
Eliz died without heir

19. James I – James II was period of English Civil War
James I Stuart ( )
Believed in Divine Right and angered Parliament
He angered the Puritans
Gunpowder Plot (1605) led by Guy Fawkes failed to blow up James
James I – James II was period of English Civil War
James I, Charles I, Oliver Cromwell, Charles II, James II

20. Spain Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon unite (1479-1504)
Created Spain
Catholics
Reconquista – Kick out Jews and Muslims

21. Following this, rulers invested in New World exploration
This brought massive wealth
Navy strongest in world
Colonies split with Portugal
Charles V Hapsburg took over Spain
Ruled HRE, Italian provinces, Spain, and New World
Chose to have 2 heirs

22. Ferdinand Hapsburg received HRE and other European holdings
Philip II received Spain and New World holdings
Philip II Hapsburg ( )
Married Mary I of England
Deeply religious (Catholic)
Laughed only once: when he heard of St Barth Day Massacre

23. Devoted energy to making Europe Catholic again
Philip, not the pope, led attacks on Protestants
Portugal annexed by Spain in 1580
Led Catholic Crusade in Low Countries
Involved in 30 Yrs War and Netherlands Revolt
Lost Armada and Naval might to England

24. Philip III – Carlos II Hapsburg War of the Spanish Succession
After Philip II, Spain never recovered from financial drain of Crusades and loss of overseas trade dominance
Philip III – Carlos II Hapsburg
Largely uneventful
War of the Spanish Succession
Carlos II died without heir
Lineage connected Bourbons and Hapsburgs equally