1. The Russo-Japanese War and the 1905 revolution

2. Causes of Russo-Japanese War
1868: Meiji Restoration
Reasserted sphere of influence
: Japan defeated China
Russia (with Germany and France) interfered over Liaodong Peninsula
Russian Empire seeking warm-water port
Vladivostok
Trans-Siberian railway
1898: Russia forced China to lease Port Arthur (Lüshun)

3. Causes of Russo-Japanese War (cont.)
: Russians occupied Manchuria
Stayed too long.
1903: Japan tried to negotiate: Manchuria for Korea
Russia never agreed
6 Feb. 1904: Japan recalled ambassador
8 Feb.: attacked Port Arthur; then declared war.
16 Feb. 1904: Russia declared war

4. Russo-Japanese War,
Siege of Port Arthur, 8 Feb Jan 1905
Admiral S. O. Makarov
Admiral Vitgeft
Japanese took key hilltop.
Used 11-inch (280 mm) Krupp howitzers
Destroyed Russian fleet.
Major-General A. Stessel surrendered.

5. Revolution begins… Opposition: Liberals:
1903: Union of Zemstvo Constitutionalists
1904: Union of Liberation
Socialists
Socialist-Revolutionaries
RSDRP
Fall 1904: Banquet/zemstvo campaign: 40 years since court reform

6. Zubatovshchina, 1901-1903 Sergei Zubatov, 1864-1917 (Okhrana)
The community of mutual help of the workers in mechanized industry
Plehve fired Zubatov, August 1903

7. Revolution begins…
P. D. Sviatopolk-Mirskii replaced assassinated Plehve as MVD (July 1904)
Attempted moderate reform
Nicholas saw him as too radical

8. Bloody Sunday, 9/22 January 1905
Father Gapon
Petition to the tsar at the Winter Palace
Improved working conditions
less overtime
higher wages
end Russo-Japanese war
universal suffrage
Peaceful, patriotic demonstration
About 300,000 people
1000 died, some shot, some trampled.

9. Bloody Sunday, 9/22 January 1905
From Nicholas II’s diary: 8 January 1905, Saturday: “Clear, icy day. There were many issues and reports. Breakfasted with Frideriks. Strolled a long time. Since yesterday all factories and mills went on strike. From the suburbs were called troops for strengthening the garrison. Until now workers have behaved peacefully. Their number has been determined as 120,000. At the head of the workers’ union is some sort of priest – the socialist Gapon. Mirskii arrived in the evening to report about measures taken.” 9 January 1905, Sunday: “Difficult day! In Petersburg serious disorders occurred as a result of workers’ desire to come to the Winter palace. Troops were forced to shoot in various parts of the city; many were killed and injured. God, how painful and difficult! Mama arrived to us from the city directly for mass. We all breakfasted together. Strolled with Misha. Mama stayed with us overnight.”

10. End of Russo-Japanese War
Feb.-Mar. 1905: Battle of Mukden
270,000 forces each side
88,000 Russian casualties (8700 killed)
75,000 Japanese casualties (16,000 killed)
Late May 1905: Battle of Tsushima
Russian Baltic fleet/Second Pacific Squadron (Oct 1904-May 1905)
Dogger Banks incident
Vladivostok
Russians lost 21 ships and 4300 sailors.

11. Revolution intensifies…
4/17 Feb. 1905: Uncle Sergei Alexandrovich (b. 1857) assassinated.
 18 February (O.S.): Bulygin Rescript:
'consultative' assembly
religious tolerance
freedom of speech
reduce peasants' redemption payments
24-25 May: 300 Zemstvo and municipal representatives passed resolution popular representation at the national level.
6 June: Nicholas received a Zemstvo deputation; confirmed his promise to convene an assembly of people’s representatives.
Not enough…

12. Battleship Potemkin Mutiny, June 1905

13. Russo-Japanese War ends
Treaty of Portsmouth 5 September 1905
Japan: south Sakhalin, Korea, Port Arthur
Russia: evacuate Manchuria (but no indemnity)
Casualties:
Japanese dead: 80,000 (in combat 47,000; of disease 33,000)
Wounded: at least 100,000
Russian dead: 60,000 (47,500 in battle; 12,500 of disease)
Wounded: 146,000
Russia’s reputation as Great Power
First Asian victory over European power, though at great sacrifice.