1. HIST 285: Technology in Historical Perspective Department of History and Politics, Drexel University Prof. Lloyd Ackert Lecture 2: “Techniques of Commerce” I. Introduction - The Expansion of Commerce A. The waning of the courts

2. II. Technology and Trade A. “Voyages of Discovery” B. Trading networks C. Capitalistic, but not industrial

3. The earliest history of boating? Case Study: “Dutch Shipping”

4. The difficulties of writing the history of shipping. Two early drawings.

5. The Rhine River

6. Methods of construction: Nicolas Witsen (1641-1717), - Architectura navalis et regimen nauticum (Naval Architecture and Nautical Regimen) (1671)

7. Two different styles of ship building described in Witsen’s work.

11. III. The Dutch Republic A. The Dutch Golden Age 1. Natural resources – The Rhine river 2. Shipbuilding a. The Dutch Herring Buss - large volume and high quality products

12. Dutch Herring Busses (buizen) at sea in the North Sea. Side-view

13. b. The Fluytschip - “an artifact shaped by commerce” - specialization in design

14. The Dutch Fluyt. A round-stern, Flat-bottom, and relatively narrow vessel.

15. Dutch Fluyt. Side and Stern views.

16. Dutch Warship with 2 Canon Galleries Engraving by W. Barentsoen (1594)

17. Stylized Man-of-war. Whipstaff – for maneuverability!

18. Reinier Nooms (1624-1664) Amsterdam Harbor.

19. IV. Creating Global Capitalism A. The Dutch East India Company (1602-1798) B. Innovations in capitalism 1. The Amsterdam Commodity Exchange

20. 2. The 1630s Tulip Bubble

21. 3. The VOC and Fortress-factories http://www.pepysdiary.com/p/3947.php C. The Slave trade

22. V. “The Great Traffic” A. Traffics, not manufactures 1. Sugar refining, papermaking, brewing, tobacco processing, shipbuilding B. Specialized activities 1. Processing dyes and glazes, cutting diamonds, grinding glass lenses, and dying broadcloth C. Not high levels of output, but specialized techniques and superior quality

23. VI. Why the Dutch did not dominate in the Industrial Era A. Raw materials and energy B. International trade C. Traffic industries

24. VII. Conclusions A. The interrelationship between commerce and technology B. Culture VIII. Discussion