1. Considerations for a Coordinated Data Acquisition Strategy under the GEO GLAM Initiative Yves Crevier Canadian Space Agency

2. Towards a GLAM System of Systems High-level policy framework Clearly articulated thematic priorities Precise definition and certification of observation needs Clearly articulated science plan (open science questions and goals) Confirmed willingness of data providers: – Government agencies (members of CEOS, CGMS) – Involvement of commercial sector sensor operators (commercial and hybrid model) Matching observational requirements to data provider’s capabilities – manage expectations Definition of an implementation strategy – finite horizon – definition of key milestones – coordinated planning, acquisition – processing and creation of standardized product framework

3. Policy Framework Anchor Positive reception of concept paper on Strengthening Global Agricultural Monitoring by the G20 Implementation of the Ag-01 Global Agriculture Monitoring and Early Warning in GEO Workplan – Task implementation is supported by the Global Agricultural Monitoring Community of Practice – Component C1: A global monitoring system of systems for agricultural production, famine early-warning, food security, and land use change.

4. High Level requirements – 3-tier Global agricultural areas – 1km to 250m resolution, several snapshots during growing season National agricultural areas – priority countries to be defined, 30m resolution, every cycles during growing season Site specific or sampling framework – Priority sites tbd (JECAM?), 1-5m resolution, every cycles during growing season

5. Thematic Priorities Borrowed from JECAM Crop Identification and Crop Area Estimation – The type, location and extent of crops are fundamental information required for policy, food security programs and other agri-environmental health investigations. Methods are based on optical and radar imagery. Crop Condition/Stress – Collected in real, or near real time throughout the growing season. Generally these are based on optical imagery to produce crop parameters (i.e. NDVI, LAI, FPAR) that are indicative of primary production and crop condition. Radar can also be applied to assess parameters associated with crop structure and measure soil moisture. Yield Prediction and Forecasting – Critical parameter required for food security policy and programs. This information is required along with crop type and extent to forecast food production estimates. Early prediction of crop yield can support proactive response to regional food shortages. Yield models use both optical and radar data along with other biophysical characteristics (i.e. soil moisture, climate condition)

6. Shared Responsibilities TaskResponsibility Coordinated mission planning, EO data acquisitions and distribution in response to operational needs *CEOS and Commercial data providers roles to be confirmed data provider responsibility Need for data inter-calibration, information extraction algorithms and methods, and product development - Ag EO science community (JECAM) Need for product standardization and assimilation process in support of the transparency concept (homogeneous, robust, responsive approach, reliable and defensible information) – Ag CoP responsibility

7. CEOS Lucca Statement

8. CEOS Agencies have decided at the recent plenary in Lucca to focus on the following priority initiatives which will constitute the core of their programme for the years ahead:... The definition and implementation of new activities in support of sustainable development and environmental management – The Joint Experiment for Crop Agricultural Monitoring (JECAM) and a potential response to G20 requirements for Global Agricultural Monitoring, as part of hunger relief and food security initiatives...

9. Missions, Instruments and Measurements Extracted from the CEOS Mission, Instru- ments and Measure- Ments database. Shows mission con- tinuity, and comple- mentarity for geo- physical measurements relevant to agriculture. Not intended to de- monstrate mission capacity, data policy, data availability, etc.

10. Data Provider Complementary Portfolio CEOSCGMSHybrid Model (PPP) Commercial Type of mission Often considered as public domain missions Public domain missionsCommercial and public domains Commercial Resolution Coarse and medium resolution Medium and high resolution High resolution Surface Imaging Earth surfacesImaging the atmosphereImaging Earth surfaces Spectrum Optical and microwave (active and passive) Optical and microwave (active) Data policy Open data policy when possible (due to commercial partnerships, security) Open data policyOpen policy for science – restricted (operations, security) Commercial policy

11. Why Coordination Among Data Providers High frequency of acquisition in a focused timeframe: – the growing cycle of major crops is about 100 days long and its temporal monitoring requires high repetition rate (daily to weekly). High variability in Ag practices: – Land use in some regions presents highly fragmented patterns and its spatial monitoring requires high resolution imagery (10 to 20m) with sampling at fine resolution (1 to 3m). Variable environment and crop type: – Crop identification and vegetation-dynamics monitoring require specific spectral information (visible, near-infrared, mid- infrared, thermal infrared and, in areas of high cloud cover, microwave).

12. Data Coordination Strategy Understand the requirements (data needs, frequency, regions of interest, etc.) and science objectives Develop integrated thematic scenarios in collaboration with Ag CoP in order to understand the requirements (per crop? per country? per eco- region?) Inventory of existing observation activities (by space agencies or thematic activities (i.e. USDA Crop Explorer, FAO GIEWS, EC MARS, etc) Assessment of gaps between current requirements and capabilities Assessment of mission capabilities and organization priorities (thematic, strategic, political, etc.) Iterative development of observation scenarios as a function of 2 families of variables: – Theme, crop type, timing, environmental conditions, frequency of observation, scale, etc. – Sensor of choice, mission capabilities and constraints (space and ground segments), organization priorities, data policy, funding, etc.

13. Integrated Thematic Coverages Scenarios Integrated as a function of crop type: – Pros: allows better definition of observation timing, instrument type, instrument configuration, facilitate the development of training material – Cons: distributed training Integrated as a function of national needs: – Pros: single national point of contact, easier funding (bridge between EO and funding) – Cons: multiple crop types involves multiple instruments and instrument configuration, variable timing for acquisition, distributed research activities and wide scope and varied training activities Integrated as a function of eco-regions: – Pros: similar to crop type integration with finer definition based on environmental characteristics – Cons: not necessarily well-aligned with national priorities

14. Multi-level Coordination Among data providers (public/public and public/commercial) to optimize the use of resources, distribute imaging load, and address specific imaging requirements Among data providers and end-users – understand the requirements and agree on thematic coverages Among GEO Initiatives – by crosslinking the requirements, there is an opportunity to develop integrated observation scenarios in support of land cover/land use strategic priority sectors

15. Space Agencies’ Reality Attributes that will influence the participation of space agencies: – Translation of state G20 objectives into national priorities, agency guidance and funding; – Current and future satellite missions and related data policies; – Challenge to meet the “free, full and open exchange” principle of GEO – Mission capabilities and constraints that may have an influence on the data collection and distribution; – Strategic objectives and policy drivers with respect to agriculture; – Programs to support the national/regional/international agriculture communities. GEO-GLAM scenarios should already to pay attention – be sensitive to the costs inherent to the required data from space agencies and commercial data providers in support of the GEO-GLAM operations

16. Conclusions Need to have scientifically endorsed and vetted requirements Critical to work closely with GEO GLAM for the understanding of requirements and the development observation scenarios Build on the existing local, regional and continental monitoring activities and streamlining a set of objectives and required products Manage expectation and propose realistic contribution within a multi-initiative framework Do not under-estimate the efforts for data coordination and costs (even under the GEO data policy principles)