1. CSE 30264 Computer Networks Prof. Aaron Striegel Department of Computer Science & Engineering University of Notre Dame Lecture 7 – February 2, 2010

2. Today’s Lecture Project 1 –Reference Client Switching and Forwarding –Chapter 3.2 Spring 2010CSE 302642 Physical Data Network Transport Application Read Chapter 4.1 for Tuesday

3. Project 1 Reference Client Spring 2010CSE 302643

4. Spring 2009CSE302644 Switching and Forwarding Outline Cell Switching Segmentation and Reassembly

5. Frame / Packet Length How long should your frame be? –Similar to THT concept Is it a fixed size or variable? –Consistency? Frame is the atomic unit of the network –Cannot pre-empt it –Medium becomes free after block is finished being transferred Spring 2010CSE 302645

6. Spring 2010CSE302646 Variable vs Fixed Length Packets No optimal length –Small High header-to-data overhead –Large Low utilization for small messages Fixed-length easier to switch in hardware –Simpler –Enables parallelism Each packet means more overhead

7. Variable Location - Lookup Spring 2010CSE 302647

8. Fixed Location - Lookup Spring 2010CSE 302648 Look in the first two bytes of the message from the client

9. Spring 2010CSE302649 Big vs Small Packets Small improves flexibility –Finer-grained scheduling –Share capacity easier between flows –Less time waiting to forward Can send when whole packet is there Example –Maximum packet = 4KB, Link speed=100 Mb/s –Transmission time = 4096 x 8/100 = 327.68us High priority packet may sit in the queue 327.68us –Maximum packet = 48 bytes + Overhead, same link speed –Transmission time = 53 x 8/100 = 4.24us for ATM vs.

10. ATM – Asynchronous Transfer Mode Evolved from phone network –Predictable –Deterministic Connection-oriented –Setup / teardown of virtual circuits –Quality of Service (QoS) Spring 2010CSE 3026410 Synchronous vs. Asynchronous

11. Spring 2010CSE3026411 Cell Switching (ATM) Used in both WAN and LAN settings Specifications –ATM Forum –Signalling  Q.2931 Packets are called cells –5-byte header + 48-byte payload Commonly transmitted over SONET –Other physical layers possible

12. Spring 2010CSE3026412 Big vs Small Redux Small improves latency (for voice) –voice digitally encoded at 64Kbps (8-bit samples at 8KHz) –need full cell’s worth of samples before sending cell –example: 1000-byte cells implies 125ms per cell (too long) –smaller latency implies no need for echo cancelers ATM compromise: 48 bytes = (32+64)/2

13. Spring 2009CSE3026413 Cell Format User-Network Interface (UNI) –host-to-switch format –GFC: Generic Flow Control (still being defined) –VCI: Virtual Circuit Identifier –VPI: Virtual Path Identifier –Type: management, congestion control, AAL5 (later) –CLP: Cell Loss Priority –HEC: Header Error Check (CRC-8) Network-Network Interface (NNI) –switch-to-switch format –GFC becomes part of VPI field Numbers are in bits

14. Spring 2010CSE3026414 Cell Format –Type BOM: beginning of message COM: continuation of message EOM: end of message SSM: single-segment message –SEQ: sequence of number –MID: multiplexing id –Length: number of bytes of PDU in this cell UNI from earlier How do we take messages (bigger data) and map it down?

15. Spring 2010CSE3026415 Encapsulation Convergence Sublayer Protocol Data Unit

16. Spring 2010CSE3026416 Segmentation and Reassembly ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL) –AAL 1 and 2 designed for applications that need guaranteed rate (e.g., voice, video) –AAL 3/4 designed for packet data –AAL 5 is an alternative standard for packet data ■ ■ ■■ ■ ■■ ■ ■■ ■ ■ AAL ATM AAL ATM

17. Spring 2010CSE3026417 AAL 3/4 Convergence Sublayer Protocol Data Unit (CS-PDU) –CPI: common part indicator (version field) –Btag/Etag: beginning and ending tag –BAsize: hint on amount of buffer space to allocate –Length: size of whole PDU CPIBtagBASizePad0EtagLen 816 0─248 816< 64 KB8 User data

18. Spring 2010CSE3026418 AAL5 CS-PDU Format –Pad: trailer always falls at end of ATM cell –Length: size of PDU (data only) –CRC-32 Cell Format –End-of-PDU bit in Type field of ATM header CRC-32 < 64 KB0─47 bytes16 ReservedPadLen 32 Data

19. Spring 2010CSE3026419 Virtual Paths 8-bit VPI and 16-bit VCI Two-level hierarchy of virtual connections

20. Path Aggregation Spring 2010CSE 3026420 VPI 0, VCI 17 VPI 0, VCI 25 VPI 0, VCI 3089 VPI 25 VPI 0, VCI 17 VPI 0, VCI 25 VPI 0, VCI 3089