1. 2004Dr.Hamda Qotba1 Proposal writing By Dr. Hamda Qotba, B.Med.Sc, M.D, ABCM

2. 2004Dr.Hamda Qotba2 What are the main components? Title Introduction Rationale Aim Objectives Methodology Results Discussion Recommendations

3. 2004Dr.Hamda Qotba3 Stages of research process Selecting a problem Formulate hypothesis Reviewing the literature Constructing research design Analysis of data Generating conclusions Writing proposal

4. 2004Dr.Hamda Qotba4 Basic guidelines Priority health problems Simple, low cost, yield practical results Influence policy, improve services, improvement of community health

5. 2004Dr.Hamda Qotba5 How and what to select? Relevance Avoidance of duplication Feasibility Political acceptability Applicability Interest Theoretical and practical value Time frame

6. 2004Dr.Hamda Qotba6 Title Subject of study Where? When? Title

7. 2004Dr.Hamda Qotba7 Introduction Define the nature of the problem Demographic background Geographic sitting Community size Related health services Information related to the study (literature review) Rationale (purpose to carry out the study) Aim (General) Objectives SMART

8. 2004Dr.Hamda Qotba8 Methodology Detailed like cook book Achieve the objective Follow Islamic teaching and moral ethics

9. 2004Dr.Hamda Qotba9 Methodology contents Character of sample population Study type Sample size determination Sampling technique Case definition Selection and exclusion criteria Tools and source of data collection Validity and reliability Statistical methods Package and tests Pilot study When, where, and how? Limitations

10. 2004Dr.Hamda Qotba10 study design results and conclusion data analysis data collection pilot study study samplestudy variables study question

11. 2004Dr.Hamda Qotba11 Research question (FINER) Feasible –Adequate number of subject, money Interesting Novel –To confirm or refute findings Ethical Relevant –To clinical or health policy, future research Comparison Risk factor Association

12. 2004Dr.Hamda Qotba12 Study design Case series Define a problem Survey Describe a population Case- Control Compare cases to controls Cohort Follow exposed subject Randomized Clinical trial Expose and follow

13. 2004Dr.Hamda Qotba13 Subjects Population of interest Study sample Inclusion criteria Main characteristics of the population Exclusion criteria Individuals that complicate the study

14. 2004Dr.Hamda Qotba14 Sampling strategies Random sampling Every individual has the same chance of being chosen Systematic sampling Every N th individual is chosen Stratified sampling Population divided into subgroups (strata) and each subgroup randomly sampled

15. 2004Dr.Hamda Qotba15 Cluster sampling Population divided into subgroups and some of subgroup randomly selected then sampled Convenience sampling You take what you can get Sampling strategies

16. 2004Dr.Hamda Qotba16 How to select appropriate statistical test Type of variables Quantitative (blood pres.) Qualitative (gender) Type of research question Association Comparison Risk factor Data structure Independent Paired matched

17. 2004Dr.Hamda Qotba17 Types of variables Quantitative »Continuous (age, blood pres.) »Discrete( number of brothers, years) Qualitative »Categorical ( blood groups, gender) »Ordinal (educational level, stage of disease)

18. 2004Dr.Hamda Qotba18 Body of research question Association of 2 variable(dep, indep) Spearman Correlation linear Regression Quantitative 2 out come T test 3+out come ANOVA categorical Quantitative Log. regression Quantitative categorical chi-squarecategorical Test Types of variable Dependent independent

19. 2004Dr.Hamda Qotba19 Comparing (difference) variables chi-square Kruskal wallis ANOVA McNemarchi-square* Wilcoxon Mann- Whitney Paired T testT test Quantitative Ordinal Categorical Number of independent variable 2 groups paired data >2groups Variable * When 1 of the cells have <5 in expected fischer exact When 1 of the cells have <5 in observed yats correction

20. 2004Dr.Hamda Qotba20 Looking for Risk Factor Linear, log regressionquantitative ANOVA categorical quantitative Multiple log. Regression categorical Test Types of variables Dependent several indepen.