2. In 1519, as Magellan embarked on his historic voyage, Hernando Cortes landed on the shores of Mexico. After colonizing several Caribbean islands, the Spanish turned their attention to the American mainland. Cortes and the many other Spanish explorers who followed him were known as conquistadors (conquerors).

4. For What Three Reasons Did to Europeans Explore?

5. Lured by rumors of vast lands filled with gold and silver, conquistadors carved out colonies in regions that would become Mexico, South America, and the United States. The Spanish were the first European settlers in the Americas. As a result of their colonization, the Spanish greatly enriched their empire.

7. After marching for weeks Cortes and his force of 600 men reached the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan. The Aztec emperor Montezuma II, was convinced that Cortes was a God wearing armor.

8. He agreed to give the Spanish a share of the empire’s existing gold supply, Cortes was not satisfied. In late spring of 1520, some of Cortes’s men killed many Aztec warriors and chiefs while they were celebrating a religious festival.

9. In June 1520, the Aztecs rebelled and drove out Cortes’s forces. Cortes struck back, despite being outnumbered he conquered the Aztec in 1521.

13. Aztec arrows were no match for the Spaniard’s muskets and cannons.

14. Second, Cortes was able to enlist the help of various native groups. With the aid of a native women translator, Malinche, Cortes was able to convince natives to fight on his side. Spanish alliance with Tlaxcalteca

15. Thirdly, was disease. Measles, mumps, smallpox, and typhus were just some of the diseases the Spanish brought with them to the Americas. Native Americans had never been exposed to these diseases. When Cortes launched his counterattack, the Aztec population was greatly reduced by smallpox and measles.

17. In 1532, Francisco Pizarro marched a small force into South America.

18. Pizarro and his army of 200 met the Incan ruler, Atahualpa. Atahualpa commanded a force of about 30,000 men brought several thousand mostly unarmed men to the meeting. Pizarro and his army waited in ambush, crushed the Incan force and kidnapped Atahualpa. Pizarro and his forces killed Atahualpa, demoralized by their leader’s death, the remaining Incan force retreated.

19. Pizarro then marched on the Incan capital, Cuzco. He captured it without struggle in 1533.

21. I n building their new American empire, the Spanish drew from techniques used during the reconquista of Spain. W hen conquering the Muslims, the Spanish lived among them and imposed their Spanish culture upon them. T he Spanish settlers to the Americas were known as peninsulares. T he mixed Spanish and Native American population were known as mestizo. A lthough the Spanish conquerors lived among the native people, they also oppressed them. I n their effort to exploit the land for its precious resources, the Spanish forced Native Americans to work within the encomienda system.

22. Under this system, natives farmed, ranched, or mined for Spanish landlords. These landlords received the rights to the natives’ labor from Spanish authorities. The holders of encomiendas promised the Spanish rulers they would act fairly and respect the workers. However, many abused the natives and worked many laborers to death, especially inside the dangerous mines.