1. Effect of supra thermal electrons on particle charge in RF sheath A.A.Samarian and S.V. Vladimirov School of Physics, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia

2. Outlines Charge vs Size dependence The experimental dependence of the dust charge as a function of its size Modeling of the charge behavior of a dust particle in the sheath region. Non-linear dependence Effect of suprathermal electrons (STE)

3. Introduction Dependence of dust particle charge vs. dust size was studied experimentally in an rf discharge plasma. Particle charge was estimated from vertical equilibrium technique (VET) as well as from vertical resonance technique (VRT). Experimental results are complimented with results of particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation along with levitation model involving the OLM charging approximation

4. Experimental Apparatus

5. Charge measurement techniques Measurement of Dust Charge from Vertical Equilibrium Measurement of Dust Charge from Vertical Resonance

6. Charge measurements The comparison between data obtained from VET and VRT techniques shows quite good agreement (VRT data shifted in the x-direction for enhanced viewing).

7. For particles of different density, charge vs. size shows that charge increases for heavier particles of same size. i.e. surface potential of particle increases deeper into sheath Melamine formaldehyde  = 1.5 gcm -3 Carbon  = 2.1 gcm -3 Corundum  = 4.05 gcm -3 Glass Balloon  * = 0.8 gcm -3 Fine Grain Density Calibrator

8. Charge vs. Dust Radius 5.8Pa, 13W [data from C. Zafiu, A. Meltzer and A. Piel, Phys. Rev. E, 63, 066403 (2001)] 6.67Pa, 13W [data from E. Tomme, B. Annaratone, and J. Allen, Plasma Source Sci. Technol., 9, 87 (2000)] 12.1Pa, 60W [data from A. Samarian et al., (to be published)] 18.3Pa, 60W [data from A. Samarian et al., (to be published)] 13.33Pa, 96.4V [data from E. Tomme, B. Annaratone, and J. Allen, Plasma Source Sci. Technol., 9, 87 (2000)]

9. Charge vs Size Dependence In frame of OML theory

10. Sheath position vs Size

11. Charge vs Size dependence

12. Charge versus Particle Size Different dependencies of particle charge on its size can be obtained for variation of effective T e. Linear dependence can only be expected for uniform plasma.

13. PIC simulation Size dependence was fitted by power function, which gives characteristic index of 1.38. For bigger grains, grain charge is directly proportional to grain size with good accuracy. Charging DynamicsCharge Dependence on Particle Size

14. Modeling Results of a self-consistent hydrodynamic model of the dust levitation and charging in a collisional plasma sheath taking into account plasma ionization. We treat the sheath problem self-consistently and investigate dust charging at various positions corresponding to different particle sizes. In the sheath region, where the speed of the ion flow is expected to exceed the ion sound velocity, a simple approximation describing ion-neutral collisions can be used. In the total pre-sheath/sheath we use a model of momentum transfer between the ion and neutral species, which describes ion-neutral collisions on the basis of kinetic theory, without semi-empirical approximations. The sheath potential is determined by Poisson's equation (We neglect the total charge contributed by the dust grains): The continuity equation for the ions takes into account plasma production; the main mechanism of ionization is assumed to be electron impact ionization, so that the continuity equation is Here ion is the plasma ionization frequency, which for argon gas has the form:

15. Modeling The momentum equation for the plasma ions is written as: where is the momentum transfer rate between ions and neutrals, and the main mechanism for the ion-neutral collisions is charge exchange. Calculations on the basis of plasma kinetic theory, which allow for ion speeds comparable to the ion thermal speed, give the following expression for F coll : Here and q E is the characteristic charge exchange momentum transfer cross section. The charge of the dust particles is found from the standard condition of zero total plasma current onto the grain surface in the OLM approximation.

16. Modeling the shift of the step is z o ~z sh, where z sh is the sheath and presheath width, and the width of the step z 1 ~ L De, L De is the electron Debye length.

17. Charge vs. Particle Size Hydrodynamic model + OLM By fitting this data, actual power index (0.96) is less than 1 (although very close to unity). This demonstrates the nonlinear dependence of the levitating particles on the grain size where bigger and therefore heavier particles levitate deeper into the sheath (and closer to the electrode). On the other hand, the deviation from the linear dependence is very small.

18. Charge vs Size

19. Surface potential

21. Conclusion The dependence of the dust particle charge on its size was studied. It was experimentally established that for particles levitated in the sheath, this dependence is nonlinear. The dependence of the dust particle on its size was also studied by PIC simulation along with the levitation model involving the OLM charging approximation, which give us close-to-linear dependencies. Theoretical analysis tells us that the experimentally observed dependence can be explained in the limit of the OLM theory if we take into account the STE.