1. Digital and Analog Communication System

2. References 1.《现代通信原理》 曹志刚 清华大学出版社 2. 《通信原理》 樊昌信 国防工业出版社
Chapter One
References
1.《现代通信原理》 曹志刚
清华大学出版社
2. 《通信原理》 樊昌信
国防工业出版社

3. Chapter One
Introduction
Why?
Information Age
Information Superhighway

4. Application military application; common application;
Chapter One
Application
military application;
common application;

5. Communication systems is used to transmit information.
1.1 Introduction
What is a communication system?
Communication systems is used to transmit information.

6. 1.1 Introduction Key conceptions or words (1) Information;
(2) Message;
(3) Signal;
(4) Waveforms

7. 1.1 Introduction 1 Jimes C.Maxwell（1864） 2 Heinrich Hertz （1887）
Claude E.Shannon (1948)
4.Winner

8. 1.1 Introduction Perspective of communication Wire
optic-fiber and networks
wireless
1G->2G->3G->B3G
WLAN; MIMO and MIMO-OFDM, UWB, optic –wireless communication

9. What must be considered when you design a communication system?
1.1 Introduction
What must be considered when you design a communication system?
1. Selection of the information-bearing
waveform
2. Bandwidth and power of the
3. Effect of system noise on the received
information
4. Cost of the system

10. 1.2 Digital and Analog source and system
The generation of communication system

11. Function of transmitter
signal processor
In analog system it may be an analog low-pass filter; In hybrid one, it may be analog-to-digital converter(ADC)
2)Function of signal-processing block in hybrid one
Source coding
Channel coding(adding parity and others)
3) Function of Carrier Circuits
modulation

12. Channel Wireless channel having air,vacuum and seawater
1） Classification: wire and wireless
Wire channel including twisted-pair telephone line/Coaxial cables,waveguides and fiber-optic cables
Wireless channel having air,vacuum and seawater
2) Note: The general principles of digital and analog modulation apply to all types of channels, although channel characteristics may impose constraints that favor a particular type of signaling

13. Receiver
The receiver takes the corrupted signal at the channel output and converts it to a baseband signal that can be handled by the receiver baseband processor, and then the receiver baseband processor estimate the source information and output the estimation result

14. Summary
The goal is to design communication system that transmit information to the receiver with as little deterioration as possible while satisfying design constrains such as allowable transmitted energy,allowable signal bandwidth and cost.
In digital system measure of deterioration is taken to be bit error rate(BER),while in analog system the performance measure is usually taken to be the signal-to-noise ratio(SNR) at the receiver output.

15. 1.2 Digital and Analog source and system
Model of analog communication system

16. 1.2 Digital and Analog source and system (model of digital communication system)

17. 2 the advantage of digital system
1.2 Digital and Analog source and system
2 the advantage of digital system
1）Relatively inexpensive digital circuits
may be used
2） Privacy is preserved by using
data encryption
3） Greater dynamic range is possible
4） Data from different sources my be
transmitted over a common digital
transmission system

18. 2 the advantage of digital system
1.2 Digital and Analog source and system
2 the advantage of digital system
5）Noise does not accumulate in
long- distance systems by repeater
6） Error in detected data may be
small, even in large amount of noise
on the received signal
7）Error may often be corrected
by the use of coding

19. 1.2 Digital and Analog source and system
3.Disadvantages of Digital communication
1)More bandwidth is required generally
2)Sychronization is required

20. 1.2 Digital and Analog source and system (classification of communication system)
according to physical properties of information :
Telephone /data /image and so on
according to frequency :
baseband transmitting/ bandpass transmitting system
according to transmitting medium :
wire /wireless
according to multiplexing patterm:
Frequency division multiplexing access(FDMA)
Time division multiplexing access(TDMS)
Code division multiplexing access(CDMA)

21. 1.2 Digital and Analog source and system
Classification of communication patterm
Peer to peer communication :
simplex;
half duplex;
duplex
Parallel transmitting communication
Series transmitting communication

22. 1.2 Digital and Analog source and system
Key conception
Digital information source produces a finite set of possible messages. Such as typewriter and keyboard
Analog information source produces messages that are defined on continuum.
Digital communication system transfers information from a digital source to the intended receiver(sink)
Analog communication system transfers information from a analog source to the intended receiver(sink)

23. 1.3 Deterministic and Random waveforms
Deterministic waveform It can be modeled as a completely specified function of time
Random waveform(stochastic waveform)
It can not be completely specified as a function of time and must be modeled probabilistically
Example:

24. 1.4 The property of the book and methods of learning it
a. from easiness to difficulty
b. from concept to performance analysis
2) Methods of learning it
a. reading it again and again
b. grasping the important concept
c. understanding the basic communication system by deriving some key formula
d. simulation using Matlab

25. 1.9 Information Measure 1. Information Content
If the probabiltiy of transmitting jth message is Pj， the information content sent from a digital source when it was transmitted is given by:

26. 1.9 Information Measure
From the definition, we have the following results:
The message that are less likely to occur provide more information
Information content depends on only the likehood of sending the message and does not depend on possible interpretation of the content as to whether or not it makes sense.

27. 1.9 Information Measure
2 Unit of information
1) Bits,Nats and Hartley

28. 1.9 Information Measure
2 Unit of information
2) Relationship between Bit,Nat and Hartley

29. 3. Entropy for Digital Source
1.9 Information Measure
3. Entropy for Digital Source
Definition
If there are m possible different source message in a digital source(m is finite), and Pj is the probabiltiy of sending the jth message, the entropy (also called average information) is:

30. 1.9 Information Measure
4 Example1-1: In a string of 12 symbols, where each symbol consistis of one of four levels, there are 412 different combinations (words), since each levels is equally likely, and all the different words equally likely. Thus Pj=(1/4)12,
And
Ij=log2(1/(1/4)12)=12log2(4)=24bits

31. 1.9 Information Measure 5 Source Rate Source Rate is defined as
Example: A1-2 A telephone touch-tone keypad has the digits 0 to 9 with probability of sending being each, plus “*” and “#” with probability of sending being each. If the keys are pressed at a rate of 2keys/s. compute the data rate for this source.
Solution:
Using define above, where T=1/2=0.5s/key, then:

32. 1.10 Channel capacity
For digital systems, the optimum system might be defined as the system that minimizes the BER at the system output subject to constraints on transmitted energy and channel bandwidth. Thus bit error rate and signal bandwidth are of prime importance in this course.
Shannon gives channel capacity as

33. 1.10 Channel capacity
Where B is the channel bandwidth in hertz, S/N is the signal-to-noise power ratio at the input to the digital receiver. And showed that if the rate of information R(bits/s) was less than C,the BER would approach zero.

34. Channel Capacity
In analog system, the optimum system might be defined as the one that achieves the largest signal-to-noise ratio at the receiver output, subject to design constraints such as channel bandwidth and transmitted power.
Nyquist showed that if a pulse represents one bit of data, noninterfering pulse could be sent over a channel no faster than 2B pulses/s, where B is the channel bandwidth in hertz. That is now known as the dimensionality theorem.

35. Channel Capacity
Example SA1-3: A computer user plans to buy a higher-speed modem for sending data over his or her analog telephone line. The telephone line has a signal-to-noise ratio(SNR) of 25dB and passes audio frequencies over the range, from 300 to 3200Hz, Calculate the maximum data rate that could be sent over the telephone line when there are on errors at the receiving end.
Solution: In the term of a power ratio, the SNR=10(25/10)=316.2, the bandwidth is B= = 2900 Hz，we get:
Problem: Can a 28.8kbit/s modem work on this telephone line? And a 14.4kbits/s modem?

36. Reading: page 1-2, §1-2 , §1-3, §1-6 §1-9, §1-10
Homework
Problems: , 1.7, 1.9,1.10, 1.12 ,
Reading: page 1-2, §1-2 , §1-3, §1-6 §1-9, §1-10