1. The role of uneven-aged silviculture in diversifying forests in Britain: to adapt to climate change and increase resilience to pests and diseases Gary Kerr Forest Research, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham, Surrey, United Kingdom.

2. Structure of presentation 1.Introduction to forests in Britain 2.Future challenges 3.Increasing resilience 4.Conclusions/Future concepts

3. Distribution of forests in GB

4. Typical upland plantations of Picea sitchensis 14/05/2015 4

5. Impact of pests and diseases

6. Pests and diseases Chalara on Ash!!!

7. 1961-90 Forest of Dean Today Coleford

8. Forest of Dean 2080 2080s High

9. The big challenge! How can we adapt forests to increase resilience to biotic threats and climate change, whilst maintaining productivity?

10. What is resilience? Resilience: the capacity of a plant community to maintain or regain normal function and development following disturbance. Helms, J. 1998 The dictionary of forestry. CABI International, Oxford.

11. Ways to increase resilience Three main options: 1.Species choice and deployment 2.Silvicultural systems / forest structure (thinning) 3.Genetics

12. Our forests today 5 conifer species account for 88% of the total 5 broadleaved species account for over 72% of the total 10 tree species account for 80% of our woodland!!!! Broadleaved species today

13. 2. Silvicultural systems 14/05/2015 13

14. Sitka spruce at Clocaenog

15. 3. Genetics

16. Provenance of Abies alba L. Data were analyzed using GLMM and results showed that site (P=0.026) and provenance (p<0.001) were significant but site x provenance was not significant (p=0.578)

17. Summary – Resilient Forests A key ‘future concept’ in forest management is resilience What does it mean? How can it be assessed/measured? Is the science in place to advise policy? Is understanding advanced enough to develop forestry practice?

18. Spruce Serbian spruce: Picea ormorikaOriental spruce: Picea orientalis

19. Redwoods Coast redwood: Sequoia sempervirens Wellingtonia: Sequoiadendron giganteum

20. Crytomeria: Japanese cedar Japanese cedar: Cryptomeria japonica

21. Cedars Atlas cedar: Cerdus atlantica Cedar of lebanon: Cedrus libani Himalayan cedar: Cedrus diodara

22. Western red Cedar: Thuja plicata Leyland cyprus: Cupressus x leylandii

23. European Fir’s European silver fir: Abies albaGreek fir: Abies cephalonica

24. Old favourites! Western hemlock: Tsuga heterophyllaDouglas-fir: Pseudotsuga menziesii