1. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill

2. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill These PowerPoint slides have been designed for use by students and instructors using the Anthropology: The Exploration of Human Diversity textbook by Conrad Kottak. These files contain short outlines of the content of the chapters, as well as selected photographs, maps, and tables. Students may find these outlines useful as a study guide or a tool for review. Instructors may find these files useful as a basis for building their own lecture slides or as handouts. Both audiences will notice that many of the slides contain more text than one would use in a typical oral presentation, but it was felt that it would be better to err on the side of a more complete outline in order to accomplish the goals above. Both audiences should feel free to edit, delete, rearrange, and rework these files to build the best personalized outline, review, lecture, or handout for their needs. Using These Slides

3. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Student CD-ROM—this fully interactive student CD-ROM is packaged free of charge with every new textbook and features the following unique tools: How To Ace This Course: Animated book walk-through Expert advice on how to succeed in the course (provided on video by the University of Michigan) Learning styles assessment program Study skills primer Internet primer Guide to electronic research Chapter-by-Chapter Electronic Study Guide: Video clip from a University of Michigan lecture on the text chapter Interactive map exercise Chapter objectives and outline Key terms with an audio pronunciation guide Self-quizzes (multiple choice, true/false, and short-answer questions with feedback indicating why your answer is correct or incorrect) Critical thinking essay questions Internet exercises Vocabulary flashcards Chapter-related web links Cool Stuff: Interactive globe Study break links Contents of Student CD-ROM

4. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Student’s Online Learning Center—this free web-based student supplement features many of the same tools as the Student CD-ROM (so students can access these materials either online or on CD, whichever is convenient), but also includes: An entirely new self-quiz for each chapter (with feedback, so students can take two pre-tests prior to exams) Career opportunities Additional chapter-related readings Anthropology FAQs PowerPoint lecture notes Monthly updates Contents of Online Learning Center

5. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill ChapChaptteerrChapChaptteerrter 8 8 This chapter discusses the concept of “race” as it is applied to humans. It shows how the biological and social categories of race are largely unrelated, and demonstrates this by discussing the construction of race in Brazil, Japan, and the United States. Human Diversity and Race

6. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Race: Discredited in Biology  In biological terms, a race is a geographically isolated subdivision of a species that can reproduce with individuals from other subspecies of the same species, but does not because of its geographic isolation.  Human populations vary biologically, but there are no sharp breaks between populations.  Human biological variation is distributed gradually between populations along clines.  Ethnicity and race are not synonymous, although American culture does not discriminate between the two terms.

7. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Races Are Not Biologically Distinct  Race is supposed to describe genetic variation but racial categories (particularly early on) are based on phenotypes.  Phenotypes are the product of genetic, developmental, and environmental factors.  There is no clear logical hierarchy to phenotypic traits, thus it is difficult to demonstrate which should be a definitive racial feature.  The so-called three great races (white, black, and yellow) are more a reflection of European colonialist politics than an accurate representation of human biological diversity.  Even skin color-based race models that include more than three categories do not accurately represent the wide range of skin color diversity among human populations.

8. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Fundamental Problems with Race  Populations grouped into one race based upon phenotypic similarity may be genetically distinct; such similarities may be the result of parallel evolution or other factors.  Genetic traits occur together due to the selective forces of the environments in which they evolved, and therefore do not constitute an internally coherent “type.”  “Race,” as it is used in everyday discourse, refers to a social category, rather than a biological category.

9. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Fundamental Problems with Race “Hispanic” and “Latino” are ethnic categories that crosscut “racial” contrasts. Note the physical diversity exemplified by these Latina teenagers. Photo Credit: T. Arruza/The Image Works

10. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Explaining Skin Color  Natural selection “is the process by which nature selects the forms most fit to survive and reproduce in a given environment.”  Variation in skin color is determined by the amount of melanin in the skin cells, which is genetically determined.  Prior to the sixteenth century, darker skinned populations were closest to the equator, while lighter skinned populations were closer to the poles.

11. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Explaining Skin Color  Light skin in the tropics is selected against because it burns more easily, thus subjecting light-skinned individuals to a greater likelihood of infection and disease.  Sunburn impairs the body's ability to withstand heat by reducing the skin’s ability to sweat.  Light skin is more susceptible to skin cancer.  The effect of sunlight on vitamin D formation indicates how dark skin might have been selected for in tropical environments (protection against hypervitaminosis D), and against in lower-sunlight environments (protection against rickets). It further indicates how light skin might have been selected for in low-sunlight environments, and against in the tropics.

12. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Explaining Skin Color The distribution of human skin color before A.D. 1400 and the average amount of ultraviolet radiation in watt-seconds per square kilometer. Source: Figure from Evolution and Human Origins by B.J. Williams. Copyright © 1979 by B. J. Williams. Reprinted by permission of HarperCollins, Publishers, Inc.

13. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Hypodescent: Race in the US  In the United States, race is most commonly ascribed to people without reference to genotype.  In extreme cases, offspring of “genetically mixed” unions are ascribed entirely to the lower status race of one parent, an example of the process called hypodescent.  The arbitrary lumping of bisexuals with homosexuals and the controversy surrounding the casting of Eurasian roles in the play, Miss Saigon, are suggested as examples of hypodescent.  In the US, there is a growing number of interracial, biracial, or multiracial individuals who do not identify themselves with one “racial” identity.

14. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Ethnic Groups in the US, 1990 Claimed Identity Millions of People Whites, German ancestry57.9 Whites, Irish ancestry38.7 Whites, English ancestry32.6 Blacks30.0 Asians and Pacific Islanders7.3 American Indians, Eskimos, and Aleuts 1.9 Hispanics22.3 All others58.0 Total population248.7

15. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Not Us: Race in Japan  Despite the presence of a substantial (10%), various minority population, the dominant racial ideology of Japan describes the country as racially and ethnically homogeneous.  Dominant Japanese use a clear “us-not us” dichotomy as the basis for their construction of race.  While dominant Japanese perceive their construction of race to be based upon biology, the burakumin construct provides evidence to the contrary.  Burakumin are descendants of a low-status social class.  Despite the fact that burakumin are genetically indistinguishable from the dominant population, they are treated as a different race.  The mixed Japanese-Koreans are treated as wholly foreign, despite otherwise complete cultural and linguistic assimilation.

16. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Not Us: Race in Japan This Sports Day for burakumin children is one example of the kinds of political mobilization being used to dismantle the legal structure of discrimination against burakumin in Japan. Photo Credit: P.J. Griffiths/Magnum

17. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Race in Brazil  While it has some historical and social similarities with the United States, race in Brazil is very different from race in the United States and Japan.  The Brazilian construction of race is attuned to relatively slight phenotypic differences.  More than 500 distinct racial labels have been reported.  Brazilian “race” is far more flexible than the two other examples cited, in that an individuals racial classification may change due to achieved status, developmental biological changes, and other irregular factors.  The multiplicity and overlap of Brazilian race labels allows one individual to “be” more than one race.  The complex flexibility of Brazilian race categories has made racial discrimination less likely to occur on the same scale as in the United States and Japan.