1. Title Monitoring the Biological Effects of Contamination in the Severn Estuary David J Bird University of the West of England, Bristol

2. Severn Estuary

3. The Severn Estuary & Bristol Channel  One of the four largest estuaries in the UK  Second highest tidal range in the world  Internationally important for wading birds  Most significant estuary in the UK for elvers  Migratory corridor for endangered and vulnerable species of migratory fish

4. River lamprey ( Lampetra fluviatilis ) Sea lamprey ( Petromyzon marinus )

5. Twaite shad ( Alosa fallax ) Allis shad ( Alosa alosa )

6. Swansea Port Talbot Avonmouth Bristol Cardiff OLDBURY HINKLEY Nash Point Bedwin Sands Peterstone Flats Sharpness Docks National Monitoring Programme sites BRISTOL CHANNEL SEVERN ESTUARY

7. Monitoring fish abundance from power station water-intake screens

9. Metabolism Excretion Bioaccumulation General body surface Respiratory surfaces Ingestion Fate Routes of uptake Water column Sediment Food Sources of contamination

10. Common eel Anguilla anguilla Flounder Pleuronectes flesus Ragworm Hediste diversicolor Brown shrimp Crangon crangon Baltic tellin Macoma balthica

11. BRISTOL CHANNEL SEVERN ESTUARYCd Swansea Port Talbot Avonmouth Bristol Cardiff 1-10kg 10-100kg >100kg

12. Swansea Port Talbot Avonmouth Bristol Cardiff BRISTOL CHANNEL SEVERN ESTUARY 0-100kg 100-1000kg >1000kg Cu

13. BRISTOL CHANNEL SEVERN ESTUARY Swansea Port Talbot Avonmouth Bristol Cardiff 0-2 tonnes 2-4 tonnes >4 tonnes Zn

14. Tissue damage & toxicity Bioaccumulation Induction of metal-binding proteins Exposure to metal contamination Biological effects of metals

15. Tissue damage & toxicity Induction of metal-binding proteins Bioaccumulation Exposure to metal contamination Biological effects of metals

16. Metals & metallothioneins in flounder livers

17. Bioaccumulation of Cd in Crangon

18. Induction of Phase II enzymes Induction of Phase I enzymes Formation of Phase 1 metabolites Formation of Phase II metabolites Exposure to organic contamination Biological effects of organic contaminants

19. Induction of Phase II enzymes Induction of Phase I enzymes Formation of Phase 1 metabolites Formation of Phase II metabolites Exposure to organic contamination Biological effects of organic contaminants

21. Excretion of bile metabolites Induction of Phase II enzymes Induction of Phase I enzymes Formation of Phase 1 metabolites Formation of Phase II metabolites Exposure to organic contamination Bile metabolites in fish

22. 1-OH Phe 7, 8D BaP 1-OH Pyr 3-OH BaP 1-OH BaP 1-OH Chr 3020251510 Elution time (mins) 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 Signal 1000 1100 1200 Signal 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 Signal (a) Standards (c) Tyne (b) Severn

24. Metabolites Growth & reproduction Mutagenesis & carinogenesis Tissue damage Biological effects of metabolites Behavioural effects Endocrine & immune systems

25. Metabolites Growth & reproduction Mutagenesis & carinogenesis Tissue damage Biological effects of metabolites Behavioural effects Endocrine & immune systems

26. Behavioural responses in Crangon

27. Conclusions  A range of approaches at different levels of biological organisation is required  Regular long-term monitoring is essential to establish temporal trends  Developments in genomics & proteomics will change the way the effects of contamination are assessed and monitored

28. Acknowledgements: FUNDING: Leverhulme Trust, Environment Agency, University of the West of England, British Ecological Society, The Fisheries Society of the U K SAMPLING: Oldbury & Hinkley power stations, Plymouth Marine Laboratory PEOPLE: Members of the Severn Estuary Research Group, including Dr Lyn Newton, Dr Jeanette Rotchell, Dr Sabine Duquesne, Dr Peter Ruddock & Dr Caroline Culshaw