1. Industry OLI: To develop a knowledge and understanding of the M4 corridor as a development for new industries SC: Know the main location factors State advantages and disadvantages as a site Core

2. What action has been taken by governments to rectify the high unemployment experienced in South Wales? The problems caused by industrial decline have long been recognised by the British government. In regions that have suffered the worst problems, development areas have been set up to attract new industry. In Scotland and Wales the government set up development agencies. The Welsh Development Agency has built new industrial estates to provide ready-built factories for companies moving to the region. low rents and rates are charged as an extra incentive to relocate. The building of the Severn Bridge, and the extension of the M4 motorway into South Wales, has given companies good access to markets throughout Britain and Europe. Recent Industrial growth was one of the reasons that a second bride across the River Severn was opened in 1996.

3. What types of indusries have been attracted to South Wales? What has attracted these new industries to South Wales? The things that have attracted the new industries to South Wales are these following points: Decentralising government offices. Improving communications and accessibility Subsidies to keep firms going which other wise would close down. Retraining schemes. Job creation, Manpower creation Schemes and Youth training schemes. Enterprise Zones. Assistance from the EU. Some of the industries are: Washing Machines, Engines, T.Vs and batteries.

4. The M4 corridor stretches from Heathrow airport in the east to Bath and Bristol in the west. The corridor is home to companies such as Hewlett Packard and Sony who are involved in research and development (quaternary industry) and have links with universities who provide well-qualified graduates. Few raw materials are used and therefore transport costs are low, making the industries 'footloose'.

5. Case Study Hi-tech industry along the M4 corridor Case Study Hi-tech industry along the M4 corridor New industrial regions in Britain have tended to grow up along main communication routes. The best example of this is the “Sunrise Strip”, which takes in the area around motorways such as the M11, M23, M3 and, most importantly, the M4. These industries are described as being footloose. They are not tied to the supply raw materials.

6. 6 M4 Corridor land is flatter, and there is access to the M4, a motorway along which a lot of high tech industry and R&D has concentrated. It is these parts that have received the inward investment from TNCs. Other advantages include easy access to Britoil University and a bit further on to Oxford and Reading Universities, good train links to London and hence to the channel tunnel and also Heathrow Airport.

7. Case Study - Lucky Goldstar Lucky Goldstar - Located a large development in Newport South Wales. Why? –Welsh Development Agency (WDA) secured the deal –Government paid £180 Million in subsidies to LG –Accessible - M4 corridor etc –Semi-skilled labour force - once employed in the now decline Iron and Steel industry

8. Other industries include Rolls Royce British Aerospace Honda Vodafone

9. Reading international business park Windows to allow natural light Trees for landscaping Large Car Parks Quiet roads For pleasant working environment Grassed areas to landscape

10. The M4 and Western Crescent M4 Corridor - Area of development for Hi-Tech industry along the M4 Motorway spanning from London to Bristol (South Wales). Location factors Location factors: Accessibility Good road links (M4) Good railway links Heathrow Airport provides links to Europe and the rest of the World Research opportunities Close to science parks and Universities Footloose - therefore they can locate freely Government Incentives Attractive Countryside Marlborough Downs - attractive environment favoured by educated people employed in Hi-Tech industry.

11. 11 But Wales is trying to re-image itself with the help of the Welsh Assembly They are concentrating on becoming greener than other countries - they are investing in small green start-up business in the hope that something small will grow. The WDA (Welsh Development Agency) had four objectives: furthering the economic development of Wales, promoting industrial efficiency and international competitiveness, developing employment and improving the environment. What is that?

12. 12 Sustainable technology Wales is now focusing on sustainable technologies and its academic capability is recognised as providing leading Research and Development in relation to low carbon vehicle technology. Wales' focus on sustainable transport goes beyond vehicle technologies to encompass all associated issues such as: integrated transport energy storage future fuel/charging infrastructure technologies & related transport planning Wales is recognised as a European Leader in Research & Development of low-emissions technology.

13. 13 Access Wales is a new pilot project that offers hi tech and knowledge based companies the opportunity to test the market before making any long term decision about expanding into new markets. Access Wales is a new service from International Business Wales- the trade and investment arm of the Welsh Assembly Government and participating businesses will have access to the Assembly Government’s fully integrated business support service. Qualify for free desk space for up to 12 months in a choice of 15 high tech innovation centres but a unique package of benefits tailored to the needs of emerging technology companies.

14. 14 This free service includes fast, straightforward access to information, advice and support on grants and finance, property, innovation support, technology, marketing assistance, sourcing suppliers and skills development. In addition companies are also eligible for specialist business support from professional consultancy partners worth in the region of £10,000. This covers areas such as business strategy, market and competitor intelligence, sales consultancy, Intellectual Property, recruitment, HR and training, health and safety as well as access to local business networks. The 15 innovation centres each specialising in particular aspects of hi-tech business such as digital media, performance engineering, sustainable technologies, opto- electronics, biosciences, IT and software, and bioscience. The desk spaces offered come equipped with telephones and high speed internet connection and are typically located within open-plan shared business units with access to shared facilities such as reception services, meeting rooms and conference facilities.

15. Industry Advantages Land on the edge of cities is often cheaper than in the centre. The out of town surroundings and easy access to workers in the suburbs provides an ideal location for building science and business parks. Motorway links and railways also provide access for commuters and for transporting components and products. Disadvantages Workers wanting to live near their place of work increases the demand for housing and puts pressure on green belt land. As demand grows, house prices increase. This means that less skilled and lower paid workers are priced out of the market in desirable areas. Core

17. The following points might be included in a description/explanation of the major characteristics of a “new” industrial landscape. Lower, smaller, modern buildings – mostly single storey and often with large windows to allow in plenty of light. Buildings are well planned/spaced out with trees and grassy areas and even ornamental lakes/ponds included in the layout to provide a more attractive working environment and create a favourable image to prospective investors/clients. These areas are usually located on purpose-built industrial estates or Science/Business Parks commonly on Greenfield sites on the edge of towns/cities where land is relatively cheaper and there is room for car parking and for future expansion. They are close to major roads such as dual carriageways or motorways for ease of transport of the finished products to markets/ports, for bringing in raw materials/components/sub assemblies and for the convenience of to-day’s more mobile, car-owning workforce. There is an absence of slag heaps/coal bings, factory chimneys, railway sidings etc usually associated with older, ‘smokestack’ industrial areas. There is a tendency for similar sorts of industries/firms in similar looking buildings to be located on the same site to benefit from an exchange of ideas and information. Many of these businesses are connected with information, high technology and electronics industries and will have direct links with universities (often situated close by) for research and development purposes and to remain successful and competitive. Assess out of 9 allowing up to 5 marks for description and the balance for explanation.

18. Answers will, of course, depend on the industrial concentration chosen. National government measures may include: incentives such as capital allowances, retraining grants, provision of purpose-built premises/advance factories, rent-free periods, tax relief on new machinery, reduced interest rates specific financial assistance to old industrial areas such as coalfields in UK the creation of Enterprise Zones, Development Areas, Urban Development Corporations. Regional Selective Assistance (Scotland/Wales). Selective Finance for Investment (SFFI – England). Setting up Manpower Creation Schemes (MCS) and Youth Training Schemes (YTS). Decentralising/relocating government offices/departments (eg DVLA toSwansea or National Savings to Glasgow). Improving communications/accessibility/existing infrastructure. EU assistance could include mention of such agencies as ERDF (European Regional Development Fund), EIB (European Investment Bank), ESF (European Social Fund), etc and their associated benefits and/or more general references to EU funding/regeneration projects. Assess out of 7 allowing up to 5 marks for either national government or EU measures. If no named industrial concentration, max 12 marks for (i) + (ii). 7 marks

19. Industry Core NAB Revision Country% Primary % Secondary % Tertiary UK44056 Germany74449 France123850 Greece253540 If Greece continued to develop, how would you expect its employment pattern to alter in the next 15 years? Describe the similarities and differences in employment patterns as shown in the table

20. Industry Make sure you can…. –Describe the differences between old and new industrial landscapes –Describe and explain the location factors –Describe and explain the impact of industrial decline on South Wales Rhondda Valley Core NAB Revision