1. UDP Datagrams and Sockets Instructors: Fu-Chiung Cheng ( 鄭福炯 ) Associate Professor Computer Science & Engineering Tatung University

2. Contents TCP vs. UDP UDP protocol Examples

3. TCP vs. UDP TCP is designed for reliable transmission of data If data is lost or damaged in transmission, TCP ensures that the data is resent If data arrive out of order, TCP puts them back in the correct order If the data is coming too fast for the connection, TCP throttles the speed back so that packets won’t lost Thus a program never needs to worry about receiving data that is out of order or incorrect

4. TCP vs. UDP TCP’s reliability comes at a price – speed Establishing and tearing down TCP connections can take a fair amount of time For short transmission (such as HTTP) TCP may be inefficient UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is an alternative protocol for sending data over IP UDP: very quick but not reliable

5. TCP vs. UDP When you send UDP data, you have no way of knowing –whether it arrived –Whether different pieces of data arrived in the order in which they are sent

6. UDP Protocol The obvious question to ask is why anyone would ever use an unreliable protocol Check some applications –FTP: require reliable transmission –Real-time audio or video stream: UDP –Domain Name system (DNS) (UDP or TCP)

7. UDP Protocol Reliable UDP protocol –If a client sends a short UDP request to a server, it may assume that the packet is lost if no response is returned –Applications are responsible for reliable transmission –Examples: NFS: Network File System Trivial FTP FSP (an FTP)

8. UDP Protocol In Java, DatagramPacket and DatagramSocket classes support UDP protocol. DatagramPacket: Data to be sent DatagramSocket: packet sender/receiver Sending data: –Data are put in a DatagramPacket –Send the packet by using DatagramSocket Receiving data: –Receive a DatagramPacket object from a DatagramSocket –Read data of the packet

9. UDP Protocol UDP uses the same kind of socket to send and receive data (I.e. DatagramSocket) –Note that in TCP you have Socket and ServerSocket Data to be sent are in UDP packets. Packets’ order is not preserved. –TCP sockets allow you to treat network connection as a stream. A single DatagramSocket can send data to and receive data from many independent hosts –UDP does not have any concept of a connection between hosts –Multi-casting is possible

10. DatagramPacket UDP datagrams add very little to an IP datagrams See Fig 13-1 –UDP header adds only eight bytes to the IP header –Source and destination port numbers –Length –Optional checksum –Each has two bytes

11. DatagramPacket Port numbers are unsigned 2-bytes integers –65536 possible UDP port per host The number of bytes in a datagram is limited to 65535-8 –IP header requires 20 bytes + options (0~40 bytes) (see page 27 of IP datagram format) –Thus theoretical maximum amount 65507 –On many platform the actual limit is more likely to be 8K bytes –Very risky: sending UDP packets more than 8KB –For maximum safety UPD packet size <= 512B

12. Choosing a Datagram Size If the network is highly unreliable (e.g. Packet radio network) small packets are perferrable –Small packets are less likely to be corrupted in transit If the network is highly reliable (e.g. Local Area Network) largest packets are perferrable 8K bytes is a good compromise for many types of networks

13. DatagramPacket constructors DatagramPacket(byte[] buf, int length) –Constructs a DatagramPacket for receiving packets of length length. –buf - buffer for holding the incoming datagram. –length - the number of bytes to read (I.e. buf.length). DatagramPacket(byte[] buf, int offset, int length) –Constructs a DatagramPacket for receiving packets of length length, specifying an offset into the buffer. –offset - the offset for the buffer

14. DatagramPacket constructors DatagramPacket(byte[] buf, int length, InetAddress address, int port) –Constructs a datagram packet for sending packets of length length to the specified port number on the specified host. –buf - the packet data. –length - the packet length. –address - the destination address. –port - the destination port number. DatagramPacket(byte[] buf, int offset, int length, InetAddress address, int port) –offset - the packet data offset.

15. DatagramPacket Sending a packet Example: sending a packet (page 417) String s = "This is a test."; // data to be sent byte[] data = s.getBytes(); // convert to byte array try { InetAddress ia = InetAddress.getByName("metalab.unc.edu"); int port = 7; DatagramPacket dp = new DatagramPacket(data, data.length, ia, port); // send the packet … } catch (UnknownHostException e) { System.err.println(e); }

16. DatagramPacket Get methods InetAddress getAddress() –Returns the IP address of the machine to which this datagram is being sent or from which the datagram was received byte[] getData() –Returns the data received or the data to be sent. int getLength() –Returns the length of the data to be sent or the length of the data received.

17. DatagramPacket Get methods int getOffset() –Returns the offset of the data to be sent or the offset of the data received. int getPort() –Returns the port number on the remote host to which this datagram is being sent or from which the datagram was received. Get methods example: Page 420 –DatagramExample.java

18. DatagramPacket Set methods void setAddress(InetAddress iaddr) –Sets the IP address of the machine to which this datagram is being sent. void setData(byte[] buf) –Set the data buffer for this packet. void setData(byte[] buf, int offset, int length) –Set the data buffer for this packet. void setLength(int length) –Set the length for this packet. void setPort(int iport) –Sets the port number on the remote host to which this datagram is being sent.

19. DatagramSocket To send or receive a DatagramPacket, one needs to open a datagram socket (i.e. DatagramSocket). All datagram sockets are bound to a local port –Datagram sockets listen for incoming data on that port –Or send data to that port

20. DatagramSocket For datagram servers, clients need to know on which port a server is listening for incoming datagrams –Servers must specify the local port on which it will listen. For datagram clients, any unused port can be used to send requests (a datagram packet) to server There is no distinction between client sockets and server sockets. –One class only – DatagramSocket class

21. DatagramSocket constructor DatagramSocket() –Constructs a datagram socket and binds it to any available port on the local host machine. –Good for clients (may be not good for UDP Servers) DatagramSocket(int port) –Constructs a datagram socket and binds it to the specified port on the local host machine. DatagramSocket(int port, InetAddress laddr) –Creates a datagram socket, bound to the specified local address.

22. UDPPortScanner UDPPortScanner.java on page 424 scans and reports all the used UDP ports

23. DatagramSocket Send and Receive Datagrams void send(DatagramPacket p) –Sends a datagram packet from this socket. DatagramSocket ds = new DatagramSocket(); DatagramPacket dp = new DatagramPacket(data, data.length, remote, port); ds.send(dp); void receive(DatagramPacket p) –Receives a datagram packet from this socket. DatagramSocket server = new DatagramSocket(port); DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(buffer, buffer.length); server.receive(packet);

24. DatagramSocket Send and Receive Datagrams Example 13-3 UDP Discard Client (UDPDiscardClient.java) –Read lines of user input –Send them to a discard server Example 13-4 UDP Discard Server (UDPDiscardServer.java) –Receive a single UDP datagram –Print out the info on the datagram

25. DatagramSocket close method void close() –Closes this datagram socket. –Free the port occupied by that socket try { DatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket(); socket.close(); } catch (SocketException e) { System.err.println(e); }

26. DatagramSocket Managing connections Datagram sockets can talk to anyone by default You may restrict the connections by using connect method. Possible Applications: –Applets are allowed to send datagrams to and receive datagrams from the applet host. –A NFS (network file system) client should accept packets only from the server it is talking to. –A networked game should listen to datagrams only from the people playing the game

27. DatagramSocket Managing connections void connect(InetAddress address, int port) –Connects the socket to a remote address for this socket. –When a socket is connected to a remote address, packets may only be sent to or received from that address. –Attempt to send packets to a different host or port will throw IllegalArgumentException. –Packets received from a different host or port will be discarded without an exception or other notification –By default a datagram socket is not connected. –When a socket is connected, receive and send will not perform any security checks on incoming and outgoing packets, other than matching the packet's and the socket's address and port.

28. DatagramSocket Managing connections void disconnect() –Disconnects the socket. –This does nothing if the socket is not connected. –The disconnected DatagramSocket can once again send packets to and receive packets from any host and port.

29. DatagramSocket Get methods InetAddress getInetAddress() –Returns the address to which this socket is connected. InetAddress getLocalAddress() –Gets the local address to which the socket is bound. int getLocalPort() –Returns the port number on the local host to which this socket is bound. int getPort() –Returns the port for this socket.

30. DatagramSocket Options int getReceiveBufferSize() –Get value of the SO_RCVBUF option for this DatagramSocket, that is the buffer size used by the platform for input on this DatagramSocket. –Larger buffers tend to improve performance (i.e. LAN) void setReceiveBufferSize(int size) –Sets the SO_RCVBUF option to the specified value for this DatagramSocket.

31. DatagramSocket Options int getSendBufferSize() –Get value of the SO_SNDBUF option for this DatagramSocket, that is the buffer size used by the platform for output on this DatagramSocket. Void setSendBufferSize(int size) –Sets the SO_SNDBUF option to the specified value for this DatagramSocket.

32. DatagramSocket Options int getSoTimeout() –Retrive setting for SO_TIMEOUT. –SO_TIMEOUT in milliseconds. –With this option set to a non-zero timeout, a call to receive() for this DatagramSocket will block for only this amount of time. –A timeout of zero is interpreted as an infinite timeout. –If the timeout expires, a java.io.InterruptedIOException is raised, though the ServerSocket is still valid. void setSoTimeout(int timeout) –Enable/disable SO_TIMEOUT with the specified timeout, in milliseconds.

33. DatagramSocket Options Examples of setSoTimeout and getSoTimeout methods on page 433

34. Useful UDP Applications When an IP packet is received by a host, the host determines whether the packet is a TCP or UDP datagram by inspecting IP header TCP and UDP ports are independent –TCP and UDP servers can share the same port number without problems. By convention, if a service has both TCP and UDP implementations, it uses the same port for both

35. Useful UDP Applications Simple UDP clients Several Internet services need to know the client’s address and port; they discard any data the client sends in its datagrams: –Daytime (TCP and UDP port: 13) –Quote of the day –Time (TCP and UDP port: 37) –Chargen (TCP and UDP port: 19) Clients for these protocols simply send a UDP datagram to the servers and read the response that comes back

36. Useful UDP Applications Simple UDP clients Example 13-5 UDPPoke.java Run the UDDPoke –java UDPPoke vision.poly.edu 19 !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:; ?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQ RSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcde?? –java UDPPoke vision.poly.edu 13 Mon Apr 16 22:11:47 2001

37. Useful UDP Applications UDP Server Example 13-7 UDPServer.java (page 440) UDPServer is designed for reuse UDPServer is a thread Fields –int bufferSize: buffer size of DatagramPacket –DatagramSocket ds: the datagram socket Methods: –respond(packet): abstract method –run(): read packet and call respond()

38. Useful UDP Applications UDP Server Example 13-8 FastUDPDiscardServer.java (page 441) public void respond(DatagramPacket packet) {} Example 13-9 LoggingUDPDiscardServer.java (page 442) public void respond(DatagramPacket packet) { byte[] data = new byte[packet.getLength()]; System.arraycopy(packet.getData(),0,data,0, packet.getLength()); try { String s = new String(data, "ASCII"); System.out.println(packet.getAddress() + " at port " + packet.getPort() + " says " + s); } catch (java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException e) { } }

39. Useful UDP Applications UDP Server Example 13-10 UDPEchoServer.java (page 443) public void respond(DatagramPacket incoming) { try { DatagramPacket outgoing = new DatagramPacket( incoming.getData(), incoming.getLength(), incoming.getAddress(), incoming.getPort()); ds.send(outgoing); System.out.println(incoming.getLength()); } catch (IOException e) { System.err.println(e); }

40. Useful UDP Applications UDP Server Example 13-11 UDPDaytimeServer.java (page 444) public void respond(DatagramPacket packet) { try { Date now = new Date(); String response = now.toString() + "\r\n"; byte[] data = response.getBytes("ASCII"); DatagramPacket outgoing = new DatagramPacket(data, data.length, packet.getAddress(), packet.getPort()); ds.send(outgoing); } catch (IOException e) { System.err.println(e); } }

41. Useful UDP Applications UDP Echo Client Example 13-12 UDPEchoClient.java (page 445) It has two threads –Senderhread: process the user input and send it to the echo server –ReceiverThread: accept input from the server and display it to the user