1. Oxygen Saturation: Tests, Causes and Possible Affects By Chris Vaught

2. Oxygen Saturation What is it? What is it? Amount of oxygen in the bloodAmount of oxygen in the blood Measurement oxygen molecules attached to hemoglobinMeasurement oxygen molecules attached to hemoglobin

3. Background Diagnosed with low oxygen saturation at the age of 12 Diagnosed with low oxygen saturation at the age of 12 Several possibilities ruled out Several possibilities ruled out Confused the doctors Confused the doctors

4. Symptoms Shortness of breath Shortness of breath Fatigue Fatigue Weakness Weakness Numbness Numbness Mental Retardation Mental Retardation

5. Oximetry The measurement of the oxygen saturation. The measurement of the oxygen saturation. Two common ways for taking measurements: Two common ways for taking measurements: Pulse OximetryPulse Oximetry Arterial Blood GasArterial Blood Gas

6. Pulse Oximeters That little thing they put on your finger. That little thing they put on your finger. Measuring the oxygen saturation through the capillaries. Measuring the oxygen saturation through the capillaries. Can also attach to the ear or toes. Can also attach to the ear or toes. Needs as little as 0.3 to 0.5 mL of blood Needs as little as 0.3 to 0.5 mL of blood

7. How it Works Based on the principle of light absorption. Based on the principle of light absorption. Oxygenated Hemoglobin absorbs more Infrared light. Oxygenated Hemoglobin absorbs more Infrared light. Deoxygenated blood absorbs more Red light. Deoxygenated blood absorbs more Red light.

8. Arterial Blood Gases Blood drawn from an artery to test the gases in the blood. Blood drawn from an artery to test the gases in the blood. Partial pressure of oxygen (PaO 2 ): 70–100 millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO 2 ): 35–45 mm Hg pH:7.35–7.44 Bicarbonate (HCO 3 ):21–28 milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L) Oxygen content (O 2 CT):15%–23% (15–23 milliliters [mL] per 100 mL of blood) Oxygen saturation (O 2 Sat):95%–100%

9. How an ABG is Done Determine the site using the Allan test. Determine the site using the Allan test. Prep the area Prep the area Insert the needle into the artery to get the sample Insert the needle into the artery to get the sample

10. Causes of Low Saturation Abnormal hemoglobin levels or function Abnormal hemoglobin levels or function Pulmonary Function Pulmonary Function Shunt Shunt Cardiac Efficiency Cardiac Efficiency

11. Hemoglobin Levels Normal levels are 12 to 18 grams per deciliter Normal levels are 12 to 18 grams per deciliter Higher levels Higher levels Dehydration,Dehydration, Excess production of red blood cellsExcess production of red blood cells Severe lung diseaseSevere lung disease Lower Levels Lower Levels DeficienciesDeficiencies Inherited hemoglobin defectsInherited hemoglobin defects Inherited defects affecting the red blood cellsInherited defects affecting the red blood cells excessive destruction of red blood cellsexcessive destruction of red blood cells kidney diseasekidney disease bone marrow failurebone marrow failure cancers that affect the bone marrowcancers that affect the bone marrow

12. Shunts Abnormal passage way of blood through the heart Abnormal passage way of blood through the heart Allows oxygenated blood to mix with deoxygenated blood Allows oxygenated blood to mix with deoxygenated blood

13. Lung Function Tests the function of the lungs Tests the function of the lungs Total Lung CapacityTotal Lung Capacity Functional Residual Capacity averages 3LFunctional Residual Capacity averages 3L Residual Volume averages 1.5LResidual Volume averages 1.5L Expiratory Reserve Volume averages 1.5LExpiratory Reserve Volume averages 1.5L

14. Cardiac Catheterization Introduce a series of catheters to gain information inside the heart. Introduce a series of catheters to gain information inside the heart. Cardiac Output normal 55% Left Ventricle and 45% Right Ventricle ejection fractions Cardiac Output normal 55% Left Ventricle and 45% Right Ventricle ejection fractions Oxygen Saturation inside the heart chambers >75% on the Right and >95% on the Left Oxygen Saturation inside the heart chambers >75% on the Right and >95% on the Left

15. Cardiac Catheterization Procedure Prepped: Shaved, Cleaned and Covered Prepped: Shaved, Cleaned and Covered Conscious Sedation Conscious Sedation Local Anesthetic to Entry Site Local Anesthetic to Entry Site Small Incision about 2mm Made Small Incision about 2mm Made Artery is Found then Accessed Using the Seldinger Technique Artery is Found then Accessed Using the Seldinger Technique

16. Seldinger Technique Both Walls are Punctured Both Walls are Punctured Stylet is Removed Stylet is Removed Cannula is Withdrawn until Arterial Blood Flowback is Present Cannula is Withdrawn until Arterial Blood Flowback is Present Guide Wire is Inserted Guide Wire is Inserted Cannula Removed Cannula Removed A Sheath is Slid over Guide Wire then Guide Wire is Removed A Sheath is Slid over Guide Wire then Guide Wire is Removed

17. Access With Catheters Catheters will be Introduced Depending on which Chamber is Desired. Catheters will be Introduced Depending on which Chamber is Desired. Blood Samples can be Obtained through the Catheters for Saturation Levels. Blood Samples can be Obtained through the Catheters for Saturation Levels. Contrast can be Injected for Ventriculograms Contrast can be Injected for Ventriculograms

18. Cardiac Ejection Fraction Ventriculogram Calculating the ejection fraction of the ventricle is accomplished by defining the edge of the ventricle wall during systole and diastole (top), by tracing the borders (bottom), and allowing the computer to do its work.

19. Conclusion Doctors Have Found No Cause for the Lowered Saturation Levels or any Problems Caused by the Lowered Levels. Doctors Have Found No Cause for the Lowered Saturation Levels or any Problems Caused by the Lowered Levels. Planning the Catheterization Procedure after Graduation Planning the Catheterization Procedure after Graduation I am a FREAK of Science I am a FREAK of Science

20. Stay In School!