1. Both bacteria and fungi are decomposers
Both bacteria and fungi are decomposers. What characteristics do these two groups share that allow them to function in this ecological role- you may want to use information from 21.2

2. Ch 21 Protists and Fungi
21.4 Fungi

3. What Are Fungi
Heterotrophic eukaryotes with cell walls that contain chitin
Produce enzymes that digest food outside their bodies
Absorb the small molecules released by the enzymes
Can be decomposer or parasite.

4. Structure and Function
Hyphae
Long, slender branching filaments
1-2 nuclei
Openings in cross walls allow for cytoplasm movement.

5. Fruiting body Mycelium Reproductive structure of the fungus
What we call the mushroom
Mycelium
Mass of branching hyphae below the soil that fruiting body grows from
Often has many mushrooms.

6. Reproduction Asexually
Releasing spores that travel through air and water
Breaking off a hypha or budding off a cell.

7. Most can also use sexual reproduction.

8. One mating type is called “+” (plus) and the other “–” (minus)
Think male and female for people
Hyphae of opposite mating types fuse together.

9. The + and – nuclei form pairs that divide
Many paired nuclei fuse to form diploid zygotes within zygospore.

10. Zygospore germinates and a sporangium emerges
Sporangium reproduces asexually, releasing haploid spores produced by meiosis.

12. Parasitic fungi cause diseases that threaten food crops
Others affect animals
Athletes foot
Yeast infections

13. Lichens
Mutualistic relationship between fungus and a photosynthetic organism (green alga or cyanobacterium)
Grow where few other organisms can
Green algae or cyanobacteria provide energy, fungus provides water and minerals and structure
Often pioneer species.

15. Mycorrhizae Mutualistic relationships with fungi and plant roots
Hyphae collect water and minerals
Also release enzymes that free nutrients in the soil
Plant roots provide energy
80 to 90 percent of all plant species form this relationship.

16. By what percent is the mycorrhizae lemon tree taller than the non mycorrhizae lemon tree
Make a generalization about the growth rate of plants with mycorrhizae
A citrus grower began using sterilized
soil for repotting lemon trees with the goal of
reducing disease.
But many of the trees
are dying in the new
soil. Form a
hypothesis to explain
this observation

17. Structure of Bread Mold
Touch the sticky side of a 2 cm piece of transparent tap to the black fussy area of a bread mold
Gently stick the tape to a glass slide. Observe the slide under the microscope. Sketch your observations.
Wash you slide with soap and water and return the slide. Be sure to wash YOUR hands as well.

18. Observe Describe the structures you observed in the bread mold
Form a Hypothesis What do you think the function of the round structures is? Why might it be advantageous for a single mass of bread mold to produce so many of the round structures
Infer How do your observation help explain why molds appear on foods even in very clean kitchens