1. Prepared by ITH ESARA1 Reducing an Adverb Clause to a Modifying Adverbial Phrase

2. 2 Reducing Adverb clause is done when the adverb clause has the same subject with the main clause. I studied hard before I took the test. =>I studied hard before taking the test. =>I studied hard before taking the test. I was happy when I passed the test. =>I was happy when passing the test. =>I was happy when passing the test. I can study better if there is no noise. (none) The same subject Different subject

3. Prepared by ITH ESARA3 There are two ways to reduce the adverb clause. 1. If the adverb clause contains verb to be, delete the subject and the verb to be but keep the rest of the phrase–no change. While I was traveling on the road, I saw an accident. While traveling on the road, I saw an accident.

4. Prepared by ITH ESARA4 There are two ways to reduce the adverb clause. 2. If the adverb clause does not contain verb to be, delete the subject and change the verb of the adverb clause to the –ing form. Before I took the test, I studied hard. Before taking the test, I studied hard.

5. Prepared by ITH ESARA5 Delete conjunction in reducing the adverb clause. 1. Because and While can be removed from the sentence by keeping the meaning the same. I was happy because I passed the test. Because passing the test, I was happy. Passing the test, I was happy. While I was traveling on the road, I saw an accident. While traveling on the road, I saw an accident. Traveling on the road, I saw an accident.

6. Prepared by ITH ESARA6 Delete conjunction in reducing the adverb clause. 1. When can be changed to Upon or On when the adverb clause is reduced to modifying phrase. I was happy when I passed the test. When passing the test, I was happy. On passing the test, I was happy. Upon passing the test, I was happy.

7. Prepared by ITH ESARA7 NOTE Modifying adverbial phrase usually modifies the subject of the sentence. When passing the test, I was happy.

8. Prepared by ITH ESARA8 The End Thanks for your attentions!