1. We need a constant supply of energy, even at rest. During exercise more energy will be required. The energy needed will vary with the demands of the activity.

2. Three Forms of Energy Light from the sun is converted by plants into stored chemical energy. Humans consume the plants or animals who eat the plants, this is then stored as potential energy (ATP). Muscles use this energy for movement this is Kinetic Energy.

3. Energy = The ability or capacity to perform work ie muscle contractions Joules Measured in Joules Work done is done when a force is applied to a body to move it over a distance. force x distance moved Work = force x distance moved Power = The rate at which we perform work force x distance Power = work (force x distance ) ------- Time (seconds) Power is measured in Watts

4. Only 1 usable form of energy: All food needs to be converted into ATP before potential energy can be used. = 1 molecule of Adenosine and 3 phosphates = High-energy simple phosphate compound

5. When a compound is BROKEN DOWN energy is released. Exothermic reaction The enzyme that breaks down ATP is ATPase ATP is broken down to Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) and a free phosphate releasing the stored energy ATP ADP + P + Energy

6. When a compound is BUILT UP, energy is needed to restore the bonds between the molecules Endothermic reaction ADP + P + Energy ATP

7. 1.Phosphocreatine system (Alacticacid system) 2. Lactic Acid system (Anaerobic Glycolysis) 3. The Aerobic System

8. We don’t want to run out of ATP! Therefore all three systems work quickly. They are good at supplying energy for different intensities and for different durations of activity. Systems 1 & 2 = Anaerobic System 3 = Aerobic

9. ATP Found in sarcoplasm (equivalent to cytoplasm) Potential energy stored in bonds of the compound Enzyme creatine kinase breaks down PC Creatine kinase is activated when ATP stores start to diminish and there is a high level of ADP in the muscle cell

10. Phosphocreatine (PC)P + Creatine + Energy creatine kinase The energy created by the breakdown of PC is used to resynthesis ATP from ADP. This is known as a coupled reaction Reaction 2 relies on reaction1 PC P + C +Energy Energy + ADP + P = ATP

11. The stores of PC in the muscle is enough to sustain maximum effort for 10 seconds. This is the only system that can produce ATP quick enough in events where we are working maximally, ie triple jump and sprinting PC is a very easy compound to break down. As it is stored in the muscle cells, it is readily available and does not need oxygen. ATP can be made quickly with no fatiguing waste products

12. Training Adaptations Need to do anaerobic training Overloaded ATP/PC system Increases muscle store of ATP/PC Delays threshold between ATP/PC and lactic acid system Increases potential of duration 1-2 seconds more Give the advantages and disadvantages of ATP/PC system using pg 370

13. Aim to provide energy to allow ADP to resynthesise into ATP Coupled reaction Also takes place in the Sarcoplasm Partial breakdown of glucose (need oxygen for full breakdown) Glycolysis = breakdown of glucose/glycogen into pyruvic acid Carbohydrate stored as glycogen in the liver and muscle

14. Glycogen phosphorylase Glucose-6-phosphate Phosphofructokinase Pyruvic Acid Lactate dehydrogenase Lactic Acid ATP 2 ATP GlucoseGlycogen

15. Provides energy to resynthesise ATP for first 2-3 minutes of high intensity short duration anaerobic activity. Flat out intensity it may only last for 30 seconds. Its limitation is due to onest of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA). Build up of lactic acid decreases ph of muscle which then inhibits enzymes needed for glycolysis Muscle fatigue occuirs.

16. Onset of blood lactate accumulation is the point at which blood lactate becomes extensive enough to suppress performance. OBLA depends on the level of training. Onset Of Blood Lactate Accumulation (OBLA)

17. TRAINING ADAPTIONS Regular anaerobic training which overload LA system increases body's tolerance to lactic acid and increases stores of glycogen. Delays OBLA. Delays fatigue. Give the advantages and disadvantages of the LA system, You may find pg 372 table 3 helpful.

18. Break down of glycogen, glucose and fats to provide energy, via coupled reactions to resynthersies ADP into ATP. 3 stages: a)Aerobic Glycolysis b) Krebs’ Cycle c) Electron Transport Chain

19. a) Aerobic Glycolysis Similar to lactic acid system BUT: Glucose is fully broken down due to the presence of OXYGEN! PYRUVIC ACID moves in to the No build up of lactic acid. Krebs’ Cycle 2 ATP

20. b) Krebs’ Cycle Pyruvic Acid Coenzyme A Acetyl CoA Mitochondria (matrix) Oxaloacetic Acid Citric Acid Carbon Dioxide Hydrogen 2 ATP Krebs’ Cycle

21. Hydrogen Ions (Charged with potential energy) c) Electron Transport Chain Energy is released in a step by step manner. The hydrogen ion-electron pairs are passed down from a high level of energy to a lower level of energy. Thus producing 34 ATP Water + Mitochondria (cristae)

22. 3 stages: a) Aerobic Glycolysis = b) Krebs’ Cycle = c) Electron Transfer Chain = 2 ATP 34 ATP 38 ATP

24. For better diagram see pg 373-374 Give the advantages and disadvantages of the LA system, you may find pg 375 table 4 helpful. Summary of Aerobic system Uses oxygen Fuels used – carbohydrate and fats Dominant during low intensity / long duration activities. Involves the complete breakdown of glucose and fats with the presents of oxygen. Which yields more energy break down of fats or glycogen? Why? (Pg 376)

25. Training Adaptations Aerobic training causes adoptions to be made which help to improve the efficiency of the aerobic system. Increases storage of muscle and liver glycogen Increases mobilisation of aerobic enzymes Is able to use free fatty acids (broken down triglycerides by lipases) earlier, this conserves glycogen stores.

26. Look at the following activities, what is the difference in the rate of energy needed to complete these athletics events? 100m 400m 1500m 10,000m Two keywords can be used to describe the difference an activity needs: Intensity Duration

27. Anaerobic or Aerobic? Anaerobic activities: High intensity Short duration Aerobic activities: Low intensity Long duration

28. PC or alactic system Dominant during flat out activities lasting 10seconds Lactic acid or anaerobic glycolysis Dominant during high intensity activities lasting 30seconds -3minutes Anaerobic Systems

29. Give a definition for each of the following key words ATP, ADP Alactic / PC System Lactic Acid / Anaerobic Glycolyis System Aerobic System Enzyme, Coupled reaction, Threshold Dominant system, Energy yield

30. ATP = Adenosine Triphosphate Adenosine -- Phosphate -- Phosphate -- Phosphate (energy within the bonds) Only useable source of potential energy Enough stored for 2 seconds of energy production Energy released by breaking one of the phosphate bonds by ATPase ATP ADP + P + Energy This is an exothermic reaction (energy released)

31. After 2secs all the ATP will have been broken down to ADP Since it is the only source of energy ATP must be reformed. ADP + P + Energy = ATP (endothermic reaction) This reaction relies on energy being available. This energy is provided by the ENERGY SYSTEMS. All examples of COUPLED reactions

32. FactorDescription Potential Energy sourceCreatine Phosphate (PC) Site of ReactionSarcoplasm of muscle cell Enzyme usedCreatine Kinase ReactionPC P + C + Energy Energy used to reform ATP Energy Produced1 ATP reformed Threshold10 seconds ActivitiesExplosive, 100m sprint etc

33. FactorDescription Energy SourceGlycogen / Glucose Site of ReactionSarcoplasm of muscle cell Breakdown of GlycogenGlycogen / Glucose Enzyme usedGlycogen phosphorylase Breakdown of GlucoseGlucose split – pyruvic acid Enzyme usedPhosphofructose kinase Enzyme used to convert to lactic acid Lactate Dehydrgenase Energy produced2 ATP’s Threshold60 secs

34. Aerobic GlycolysisSimilar as anaerobic glycolysis Full breakdown of glucose Energy yield2ATP’s Net resultProduction of pyruvic acid which in the presence of oxygen is transported to the mitochondria (stage 2)

35. DescriptionPyruvic acid combines with oxaloacetic acid to form citric acid, enters Kreb’s cycle Site of ReactionMatrix of the mitochondria Net resultCarbon dioxide produced 2 ATP’S reformed Hydrogen given off

36. DescriptionHydrogen is charged H+ + e- Electrons passed down a chain of reactions which releases a lot of energy Site of reactionCristae of mitochondria Net result38 ATP’s produced Water produced Overall energy yieldStage 1 = 2ATP’S Stage 2 = 2ATP’s Stage 3 = 34ATP’S