1. Chapter 9 The Jefferson Era  American Exceptionalism refers to the theory that the United States occupies a special niche among the nations of the world in terms of its national credo, historical evolution, political and religious institutions and unique origins. The first description of the belief is attributed to Alexis de Tocqueville, who claimed that the then- 50-year-old United States held a special place among nations, because it was a country of immigrants and the first modern democracy. In chapter 12 we will see this belief expand and merge with a growing belief that it is our ‘God given destiny’ to overspread the North American continent. These beliefs then will be referred to in chapter 12 as Manifest Destiny. Progress of America, of 1875 The central figure wears a liberty cap, personifying America. Flying putti (young children) dip down and crown her with a laurel wreath and lead her chariot, decorated with the American eagle and drawn by two white horses. Four maidens accompany her, representing agriculture, medicine, the arts and mechanics. In the right background, two Raphaelesque women follow holding a tablet; behind these two steams a railroad locomotive. To the left, a group of Indians and buffalo flee the advance of this personification of civilization. Note the contemporary (1875) dress of one maiden. A California poppy can be seen embedded on one of the chariot wheels. The composition borrows from the early Renaissance. Chariot processions accompanied by childlike angels were popular, and the pose of America's arm reminds one of Michelangelo's Creation of Adam, in which God touches the finger of Adam and infuses him with life.* When asked during a trip abroad in 2009 whether he believed in American exceptionalism, Obama said, “I believe in American exceptionalism, just as I suspect that the Brits believe in British exceptionalism and the Greeks believe in Greek exceptionalism.” http://www.tnr.com/blog/jonathan-chait/93495/the-exceptionalism-myth- goes-mainstream

2. America the Moral  "America is great because she is good. If America ceases to be good, America will cease to be great." -- Alexis de Tocqueville 29 July 1805, – 16 April 1859  "I hope I shall always possess firmness and virtue enough to maintain what I consider the most enviable of all titles, the character of an honest man." --George Washington  "If individuals be not influenced by moral principles; it is in vain to look for public virtue." ---James Madison  “Our Constitution…was made only for a moral and religious people. It is wholly inadequate to the government of any other." -- John Adams (Address to the Military, 11 October 1798)

3. Chapter 9 The Jefferson Era Section 1  Did You Know?  Thomas Jefferson’s grave marker does not mention he was twice President of the United States!  Monticello tour Monticello tourMonticello tour  Monticello

4. Run Time: [28:59] Thomas Jefferson was the third President of the United States (1801-1809), author of the Declaration of Independence (1776), and one of the most influential founders of the United States.

5. I. The Election of 1800 (Pages 278-279)  The election campaign of 1800 between Adams/Pinckney and Jefferson/Burr Burr was very different from those of today Jefferson/Burr  The election was deadlocked. Both Jefferson and Burr received 73 electoral votes, so the House of Representatives had to decide the election. The Federalists decided to support Burr to prevent the election of Jefferson.  Hamilton distrusted Burr but was not a friend of Jefferson either.  Finally, at Hamilton's request, one Federalist voted against Burr, and Jefferson became president and Burr vice president.  To avoid another election deadlock, Congress passed the 12 th Amendment Twelfth Amendment in 1803. Twelfth Amendment Twelfth Amendment  Thomas Jefferson was inaugurated on (text) March 4,1801. on (text) on (text)  "a wise and frugal government".  "support of state governments in all their rights“  Jefferson was a proponent of states' rights. He believed strong states would best protect freedom and that a large federal government would threaten liberty. He believed in Laissez-faire—let the people choose First Inaugural Address March 4, 1801 FRIENDS AND FELLOW-CITIZENS, “Called upon to undertake the duties of the first executive office of our country, I avail myself of the presence of that portion of my fellow-citizens which is here assembled to express my grateful thanks for the favor with which they have been pleased to look toward me,…” …But every difference of opinion is not a difference of principle. We have called by different names brethern of the same principle. “We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists. If there be any among us who would wish to dissolve this Union or to change its republican form, let them stand undisturbed as monuments of the safety with which error of opinion may be tolerated where reason is left free to combat it.”… Jefferson’s guiding principles “ Educate and inform the whole mass of the people. Enable them to see that it is their interest to preserve peace and order, and they will preserve them…They are the only [ones to rely on] for the preservation of our liberty…This reliance cannot deceive us, as long as we remain [good]; and I think we shall…as long as agriculture is our principal object…When we get piled up on one another in large cities, as in Europe, we shall become corrupt as in Europe, and go to eating one another as they do there”

6. Why were the election campaigns of Adams and Jefferson different from campaigns of today? In 1800 transportation was limited. The best way to reach a large group of constituents was through Letter writing to important men in a region who would in turn sway the local populations in favor of their candidate.

7. II. Jefferson's Policies (Page 280)  Jefferson surrounded himself with men who shared his Republican principles. His cabinet had James Madison as secretary of state and Albert Gallatin Gallatin as secretary of the treasury. James Madison Albert Gallatin James Madison Albert Gallatin  Under Jefferson the government allowed the unpopular Alien and Sedition Acts to expire and repealed the Naturalization Act.  Jefferson and Gallatin reduced the huge national debt. They cut back on military expenses by reducing the size of the army and navy.  Jefferson and Gallatin also persuaded Congress to repeal federal internal taxes, including the whiskey tax. The government funds would come from customs duties, or taxes on imported goods, and from the sale of Western lands.  The number of federal government employees was small under Jefferson.

8. Jefferson was a wealthy landowner and a slaveholder, although he believed in individual freedoms. He was also an excellent practical politician. (A) Do you think that his views of government would have been different had he not been wealthy or a slaveholder? (B) Should an elected official always reflect the views of their constituents or use their own conscience on most issues? Answers will vary, but should include the idea that Jefferson usually did not let his wealth interfere with his principles. Jefferson cared about people. Boccieri, of Alliance, recently reflected on his first and only term as congressman, and he said he had no regrets about the health care vote or any of his other votes. http://www.the-daily-record.com/news/article/4960725 http://www.the-daily-record.com/news/article/4960725

9. III. Jefferson and the Courts (Pages 280-281)  The Federalists controlled the court system even though Jefferson was a Republican. The Federalists passed the Judiciary Act of 1801 before Jefferson took office.  Prior to Adams leaving office, he made hundreds of appointments to the courts. He also appointed John Marshall, (Marshall) his secretary of state, as chief justice of the United States after Chief Justice Ellsworth resigned. John MarshallChief Justice EllsworthJohn MarshallChief Justice Ellsworth  Adams and Marshall worked around the clock to process the papers (commissions) for these last-minute "midnight judges." A few of the commissions had not been processed when Jefferson took office on March 4. Jefferson told Madison, his secretary of state, to hold them. One of these was for William Marbury. William MarburyWilliam Marbury Jefferson on the courts The revolution of 1800…was as real a revolution in the principles of our government as that of 1776 was in its form …[it was not brought about] by the sword…but by the rational and peaceable instrument of reform, the [votes] of the people. The nation declared its will by dismissing [officeholders} of one principle, and electing those of another, in the two branches [of government], executive and legislative, [that were ] submitted to their election. Over the judiciary department, the Constitution had deprived the people of control ….

10. III Continued  The Supreme Court heard the case of Marbury v. Madison. Marbury went right to the Supreme Court to force delivery of his commission. Marbury claimed that he had jurisdiction as a result of the Judiciary Act of 1789. Marshall turned down his claim. Marshall said that the Constitution did not give the Supreme Court jurisdiction to decide Marbury's case.  This was the first time that judicial review was used. Judicial review is the right of the Supreme Court to review and rule on acts of other branches of government.  Today judicial review is a basic part of our government and is a way to check and balance the other branches of the government. judicial reviewjudicial review  Under Justice Marshall, who served as chief justice until 1835/ the Supreme Court became an equal partner in government due to Judicial Review. "The Constitution has become a thing of wax to be molded as the Court sees fit" Jefferson “For experience has already shown that the impeachment it has provided is not even a scare-crow... The Constitution on this hypothesis is a mere thing of wax in the hands of the judiciary, which they may twist and shape into any form they please." Jefferson to Spencer Roane in 1819 Read more: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_did_Thomas_Jefferson_say_about_judicial_review#ixzz1C3XEvfpehttp://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_did_Thomas_Jefferson_say_about_judicial_review#ixzz1C3XEvfpe

11. Marbury v. Madison & Judicial Review  “…It is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is…” Did You Know? Chief Justice John Marshall. Chief Justice John Marshall. Chief Justice during the administrations of six Presidents: John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, James Monroe, John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson Chief Justice during the administrations of six Presidents: John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, James Monroe, John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson

12. Justice Marshall’s house Richmond, Virginia, still stands. Many of his personal belongings are there, including his black robe, which he wore on the bench for 34 years Other Cases that strengthened the power of the federal government and the federal courts McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)-- Congress could est. a bank Cohens v. Virginia (1821)—Federal courts could review decisions of state courts Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)—Fed government had power to regulate interstate trade

13. Why did John Adams make so many judicial appointments in the final hours of his presidency? http://voices.washingtonpost.com/44/2010/01/alito- mouths-not-true-at-obama.htmlhttp://voices.washingtonpost.com/44/2010/01/alito- mouths-not-true-at-obama.html Adams, along with Chief Justice Marshall, attempted to process the commissions for judicial appointments until the final hours so that the court system would be full of “Federalist thinking” judges when Jefferson took office. Adams did not win the presidency, but did have a large impact on the courts. Presidents through history have made an impact as well by their Supreme Court appointments because justices serve for life or until they are too ill to serve the country. SUPREME SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES CITIZENS UNITED v. FEDERAL ELECTION COMMISSION Argued March 24, 2009—Reargued September 9, 2009––Decided January 21, 2010Reargued

14. Chapter 9, Section 2  Did You Know?  In 1997 the United States government decided to mint a new dollar coin featuring a woman. Some of the women nominated by citizens to grace the coin included civil rights activists' Rosa Parks and Sojourner Truth, first ladies Martha Washington and Eleanor Roosevelt, and poet Emma Lazarus, among others. The winner? Sacagawea, the Native American woman who helped lead explorers Lewis and Clark westward.  Lewis and Clark

15. IV. Western Territory (Pages 282-283)  A. Settlers in the less settled areas of the Northwest Territory and in Kentucky and Tennessee were pioneers. They loaded their belongings onto Conestoga wagons and made the long, tiring journey over the Appalachian Mountains to the area west of the Mississippi River known as the Louisiana Territory. Conestoga wagonsConestoga wagons  The Louisiana Territory, a large area, belonged to Spain. The region extended from New Orleans in the south, west to the Rocky Mountains. It was undefined to the north.  Many pioneers settled near the rivers that fed into the upper Mississippi River. The Spanish allowed them to sail on the lower Mississippi and trade in New Orleans.  In 1802 Spain changed its policy and refused to allow American goods to move into or past New Orleans. Jefferson confirmed that Spain had transferred the Louisiana Territory to France in a secret agreement. letter to the American minister to France, Robert R. Livingston President Jefferson stated that "The day that France takes possession of New Orleans … we must marry ourselves to the British fleet and nation."

16. IV Continued  C. Jefferson authorized Robert Livingston, the new minister to France, to offer as much as $10 million for New Orleans and West Florida.  D. Because of unrest in Santo Domingo (now Haiti and the Dominican Republic), Napoleon had to cancel his plans in America. He sent in troops to crush a revolt against French rule. Toussaint-Louverture, image a former enslaved African, led the revolt. He helped drive the British and Spanish from the island and end slavery there. The French captured Toussaint-Louverture but did not regain the island. Toussaint-Louverture “I was born a slave, but nature gave me a soul of a free man….” Toussaint Louverture “In overthrowing me, you have done no more than cut down the trunk of the tree of the black liberty in St-Domingue-it will spring back from the roots, for they are numerous and deep.” Toussaint Louverture “Toussaint is a Negro and in the jargon of war has been called a brigand. But according to all accounts he is a Negro born to vindicate the claims of this species and to show that the character of men is independent of color” London Gazette attitudes in England and the North were beginning to change December 12, 1798 William Wilberforce Slavery Abolition Act 1833,Slavery Abolition Act 1833 abolished slavery in most of the British Empire.British Empire PEOPLE OF THE EARTH… ATTENTION! EXTRA CREDIT Possibility coming up…..

17. Why was the Louisiana Territory important to Americans? It was a large area of land that provided space for settlers to begin a new life in the West. Because of its proximity to the Mississippi River, farmers had a way to transport their goods and make money from the markets in the East. When Spain, who owned the land, refused American access to or past the port of New Orleans, it became even more important for Americans to continue to have access to the territory and use the Mississippi River for transport. Once Jefferson learned of the transfer of the Louisiana Territory from Spain to France, he sent Monroe to France to negotiate a sale of New Orleans to the United States.

18. V.The Nation Expands (Pages 283-285)  America bought the Louisiana Territory from France, not just New Orleans. The entire Louisiana Territory was for sale. Monroe and Livingston, negotiated a price of $15 million for the Louisiana Purchase. With this territory, the size of the United States doubled. Louisiana TerritoryLouisiana Territory  The United States ratified the treaty with France in October 1803 to make the Louisiana Territory purchase legal. Jefferson was concerned because the Constitution said nothing about acquiring new territory. (see his bank argument) A Northwest Passage? Great American Desert was the name given, in the first half of the nineteenth century, to the area west of the Mississippi river. At the timeWhite Americans considered it to be unfit for habitation.

19. V. Continued  Jefferson was interested in knowing more about the lands west of the Mississippi River. Jefferson sent Meriwether Lewis Lewis and William Clark Clark to explore the new territory even before the Louisiana Purchase was complete. Meriwether LewisWilliam ClarkMeriwether LewisWilliam Clark  Jefferson saw the expedition as a scientific adventure, while Congress was interested in commercial possibilities and places for future ports.  Lewis and Clark put together a crew, including an African American named York, and left St. Louis in the spring of 1804. After traveling nearly 4,000 miles in 18 months, they reached the Pacific Ocean. reached the Pacific Oceanreached the Pacific Ocean  They spent the winter there and traveled back along different routes. Mysterious death of Lewis Mysterious death of Lewis Mysterious death of Lewis Outbound route shown in red, inbound in blue. Great joy in Camp we are in view of the Ocean, this great Pacific Ocean which we been so long anxious to see and the roaring or noise made by the waves braking on the rocky shores (as I suppose) may be heard distinctly. —William Clark in his Voyage of Discovery journal " Clark Field Notes--Keelboat" William Clark Field Notes, 1804, page showing keelboat At the expedition’s end, Clark resumed treating York as his slave. Clark, relocating with his new wife to St. Louis, forced York to accompany them, even though York’s wife was owned in the Louisville, Kentucky, area. York, desperate to be reunited with his wife, pleaded with his master to free him for his service on the voyage. Clark stubbornly refused. Finding York insolent and sulky, Clark beat him and threatened to sell him to a more severe master. Clark finally granted York his freedom (1811) long after the expedition ended.

20. 20 Imax Lewis & Clark Run Time: [42:20]

21. Sacagawea (c. 1790-1812 or 1884) Sacagawea (c. 1790-1812 or 1884)   Her Son “Pompy”   Sacagawea’s son Jean Baptiste Charbonneau, or “Pompy,” was three months old when the Corps of Discovery left Fort Mandan. His parents accepted William Clark’s offer to educate him, and he moved into Clark’s St. Louis home when he was six. At age 18, he went to Europe for six years with Duke Paul of Wuerttemburg, an enthusiastic early tourist of the American West. Returning to the U.S., Jean Baptiste became a mountain man and fur trader, and a guide whose clients included John C. Frémont. He later settled in California, and died in Oregon, en route to Montana, in 1866. near Jordan Valley, Oregon

22. V. Continued  Jefferson sent another expedition to explore (interactive map) the wilderness. Lieutenant Zebulon Pike Zebulon Pike led two expeditions into a region that is now Colorado. There he found a snowcapped mountain he called Grand Peak. Today it is called Pikes Peak. Peak Cam,Pike’s route animation world of nature video 6 minutes exploreZebulon PikeexpeditionsPikes Peak.exploreZebulon PikeexpeditionsPikes Peak. A group of Federalists who opposed the Louisiana Purchase planned to secede, or withdraw, from the Union. They were concerned that the new territory would become agricultural and Republican, and because it was so large, they would lose power. …'What,' said I, interrupting him 'is not this the Red river?' 'No, Sir! the Rio del Norte.' I immediately ordered my flag to be taken down and rolled up, feeling how sensibly I had committed myself in entering their territory, and conscious that they must have positive orders to take me in." Diary of Zebulon Pike

23. Significance of Louisiana Purchase  1. Doubled size of the United States  2. Increased store of natural resources  3. Gave permanent control of Mississippi  4. Strengthened national unity and made westerners grateful the federal govt. was safeguarding their interests safeguarding their interests  5. Promoted westward expansion  6. Forced Jefferson to modify his view of Constitution Constitution  7. Paved way for future struggle over slavery in the new territories. in the new territories.

24. V. Continued . They wanted to form a Northern Confederacy including New York. To get the New York support, the Federalists supported Aaron Burr for governor of New York in 1804.  Hamilton, who never trusted Burr, heard rumors that Burr had secretly agreed to lead New York out of the Union. Burr lost the election and blamed Hamilton.  Old News Old News Old News  Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel with armed pistols. It took place on July 11, 1804 in Weehawken, drawing New Jersey. Hamilton fired first but missed actually injuring Burr. Burr, on the other hand, seriously wounded Hamilton, info who died the next day. Burr fled so he would not be jailed. Weehawken,wounded HamiltonWeehawken,wounded Hamilton Hamilton's tomb in the graveyard of Trinity Church NY, at Wall Street and Broadway PEOPLE OF THE EARTH… ATTENTION! EXTRA CREDIT Possibility coming up…..

25. Chapter 9, Section 3  Did You Know?  Thomas Jefferson founded the University of Virginia by securing its land, obtaining state funding, and designing its distinctive grounds and buildings. Jefferson devoted his last years to the project, completing the Rotunda in 1826, the same year he died. Jefferson claimed the University as one of his proudest achievements, along with authoring the Declaration of Independence and Virginia's statute on religious freedom. The Lawn during winter, with tracks through the snow. At center is the Rotunda, which was the original library building at the head of Jefferson's Academical Village. Rotunda

26. VI. Americans in Foreign Seas (Pages 288-289)  Many American merchant ships profited from trade with foreign nations in the late1700s and early 1800s.  Sailing foreign waters could be dangerous, however. Ships had to watch for Barbary pirates from Tripoli and other Barbary Coast states of North Africa.  The United States entered a war with Tripoli. When the ruler of Tripoli asked the United Stated for more money in 1801, Jefferson refused. War broke out. Jefferson sent ships to blockade Tripoli, but the Barbary pirates were too powerful to be defeated.  In 1804 the pirates seized the United States warship Philadelphia and towed it into Tripoli Harbor. When a United States navy captain Stephen Decatur and his raiding party burned the ship, a British admiral called it a "bold and daring act.“ Decatur killed in a duel in 1820 warship Philadelphiaburned the ship"bold and daring actDecatur killedwarship Philadelphiaburned the ship"bold and daring actDecatur killed  The conflict ended in June 1805 when Tripoli agreed to stop demanding tribute. However, the United States had to pay a 'ransom of $60,000 to release American prisoners. Saint Peter's Episcopal Churchyard Saint Peter's Episcopal Churchyard Philadelphia Our country! In her intercourse with foreign nations, may she always be in the right; but our country, right or wrong!” Stephen Decatur

27.  If you were an American merchant shipper, would you have sailed during the era of the Barbary pirates? Would you sail today in pirate infested waters? Why or why not? Answers will vary, but should include the idea (1)that these people were in business despite the danger of the seas. (2) They made profits by trading their goods with foreign nations, so they risked capture. If they did not sail, they did not make money. Give reasons and be able to substantiate them in discussion

28. VII Continued  Great Britain and France were involved in a war that threatened to interfere with American trade. America traded with both Britain and France when they went to war in 1803.  By 1805 Britain and France took action against America and its neutral rights. Britain blockaded the French coast and threatened to search all ships trading with France. France said it would search and seize ships trading with Britain. http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=348424 impressment 7:14 http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=348424  The British needed sailors, so they kidnapped American sailors. This practice of impressment did catch some deserters, but thousands of the impressed sailors were native- born and naturalized American citizens. The "impressment" of American seamen. Both the French, in the Berlin and Milan Decrees, and the English through their " Orders in Council," attempted to prevent American merchants from bringing supplies to the other country. The English further angered Americans by seizing merchant seamen from the vessels that they stopped and searched, claiming that these men were really Englishmen and impressing them into the British navy.

29. VII. Continued  The British attacked the American ship Chesapeake in June 1807. British attacked ChesapeakeBritish attacked Chesapeake  Americans were furious at the British when they heard of the attack. Jefferson chose a disastrous trade ban in December 1807 called the Embargo Act. The hope was to hurt Britain. Instead, the embargo banned imports from and exports to all foreign countries. The act was a disaster. It wiped out all American commerce with other nations. It was also ineffective against Britain because it traded with Latin America for agricultural goods. "War is not the best engine for us to resort to; nature has given us one in our commerce, which if properly managed, will be a better instrument for obliging the interested nations of Europe to treat us with justice." -- Thomas Jefferson, letter to Thomas Pickney, 1797

30. The Embargo Act (1807) The “OGRABME” Turtle The Embargo Act (1807) The “OGRABME” Turtle "Ograbme“-- is 'Embargo' spelled backwards Known in North American folklore as the “Ograbme” (embargo spelled backwards) the snapping turtle earned a place in the history of our southern neighbors, becoming a feature in political cartoons commenting on the 1807 Jeffersonian embargo act which banned trade between the United States and other nations.

31. . On March 1, 1809, Congress repealed the act and passed the Nonintercourse Act. prohibited trade with only Britain and France and their colonial possessions. (This act repealed on 1 May 1810 in favor of what became known as Macon's Bill No. 2, which reopened trade with which ever power recognized our neutral trading rights would put us on a course for war with Britain)

32. The Non-Intercourse Act (1809) The Non-Intercourse Act (1809) QReplaced the Embargo Act. QRemained U. S. policy until 1812. QUnexpected Consequences:  N. Eng. was forced to become self- sufficient again [old factories reopened].  Laid the groundwork for US industrial power.  Jefferson, a critic of an industrial America, ironically contributed to Hamilton’s view of the US!!!

33. Run Time: [04:13] Before leaving the presidency Jefferson made progress in his quest to end slavery. Despite encouragement to seek a third term he declined, but continued his work to better the country.

34.  Jefferson announced his departure after two terms. The candidates nominated were Madison for the Republicans and Pinckney for the Federalists. Madison won with 122 electoral votes to Pinckney's 47.

35. Why was the Embargo Act such a disaster? It killed American commerce by banning imports from and exports to all foreign countries, and it did not hurt Britain, which was the true target. Congress realized its mistake and repealed the act, through probably too late.

36. VIII. War Fever (Pages 292-294)  When James Madison took office, the country was suffering from the embargo crisis and the possibility of war.  The war cry grew close, but it was hard to determine if the enemy was France or Britain. In 1801 Congress passed a law permitting direct trade with either France or Britain. Impressment however was a major source of anger toward England  The country also had problems in the West. Between 1801 and 1810, white settlers continued to move onto lands that had been guaranteed to Native Americans. “The present situation of the world is indeed without a parallel, and that of our own country full of difficulties. The pressure of these, too, is the more severely felt because they have fallen upon us at a moment when the national prosperity being at a height not before attained, the contrast resulting from the change has been rendered the more striking…” James Madison first inaugural address 2 nd paragraph “…One year ago, I took office amid two wars, an economy rocked by a severe recession, a financial system on the verge of collapse, and a government deeply in debt. Experts from across the political spectrum warned that if we did not act, we might face a second depression.” … So we face big and difficult challenges. And…” Barak Obama’s 1 st Inaugural Address Roy Nafziger, IBC’s founder, described his Dolly Madison ® snack cakes at their introduction in 1937. Roy’s fascination with the First Lady Dolley Madison lent him the name and inspiration to create a high quality snack fit for a socialite like Madison yet affordable for everyone. Dolly Madison is credited with creating the role of the First Lady.

37. VIII Cont.  Ohio became a state in 1803.  Native Americans renewed their associations with British agents and fur traders in Canada for protection.  Some Native Americans built a confederacy among their nations in the Northwest. They were led by Tecumseh, Tecumseh a Shawnee chief. Tecumseh believed that the treaties with separate Native American nations were worthless and the land was meant for Native Americans to live on. Tecumseh Tecumseh “The being within, communing with past ages, tells me that until lately there was no white man on this continent. It then all belonged to red men, children of the same parents,…” From a speech Tecumseh made to Governor Harrison. Voices of Freedom p.81-8 Tecumseh

38. VIII. Cont.  Tecumseh's brother, the Prophet, attracted a huge following with his teachings. The Prophet the Prophet,the Prophet,  Tecumseh met with the white people and the governor of the Indiana Territory,  General William Henry Harrison, after Harrison had warned him of the weakness of a Native American-British alliance and the power of the United States against them.  Prophetstown at the Battle of Tippecanoe. The Americans proclaimed a victory, while the Prophet's forces fled. Unfortunately for the Americans, Tecumseh and the British forces united as a result of the American victory. http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=35104 Battle of Tippecanoe 2:03 min Battle of Tippecanoe http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=35104 Battle of Tippecanoe http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=35104

39. VIII. Cont.  The War Hawks, led by Henry Clay from Kentucky and John Calhoun from South Carolina, pushed for the president to declare war with Britain. The Federalists in the Northeast remained opposed to war.  The War Hawks were eager to expand the nation's power.  By their efforts, the size of the army quadrupled through additional military spending.  Their nationalism appealed to a new sense of American patriotism.  On June I, 1812, Madison asked Congress for a declaration of war, concluding that war with Britain was inevitable. At the same time, Britain ended their policy of searching and seizing American ships. However, because the news took so long to travel across the ocean, the United States did not know of the change. Henry Clay John C. Calhoun Sympathy for Impressed Americans Captain of British Ship the Leander Basil Hall “I refer to the impressment of those seamen who we found serving on board American merchant ships but who were known to be or supposed to be British subjects. To place the full annoyance of these matters in a light to be viewed fairly by English people, let us suppose…? Voices of Freedom p.80

40. Overview of the War of 1812 In August 1812 The USS Constitution met the British frigate Guerrier off coast of Maine and defeated it as well as the Java in another famous battle. The Constitution was the most famous ship to ever have flown the American flag. USS Essex commanded by Capt. David Porter. “The Essex was like a wolf in a pasture of unguarded sheep” The USS United States commanded by Stephen Decatur was another successful frigate

41. Why did Madison think that the enemy was Britain, not France, and that the war with Britain was inevitable? Madison (1)did not trust the British in their alliance with the Native Americans. He sensed an anti-British feeling growing among Americans. Because Britain had once ruled the country and because of their powerful navy,(2) Britain was a larger military threat to the United States than France was. (3) Because Madison thought Britain was going to continue searching and seizing American ships, a war with Britain seemed about to happen.

42. 42 Did You Know?  Although Francis Scott Key wrote the lyrics in 1814 to what eventually was called " The Star-Spangled Banner”, it originally was called "Defense of Fort McHenry'” and wasn't adopted as our national anthem until March 3, 1931. Some suggest a less war- like song such as America the Beautiful should be the nation’s anthem.

43. IX. War Begins (Pages 296-298)  The United States was unprepared for the war. It had a government that provided no leadership, a small army of 7,000, and state militias with 50,000 to 100,000 poorly trained soldiers, some of whom were too old to fight.  The war began in July 1812. General William Hull led the army from Detroit to Canada, but was forced to retreat. General William Henry Harrison made another attempt without luck and decided that as long as the British controlled Lake Erie, they would not be able to invade Canada. General William HullWilliam Henry Harrison General William HullWilliam Henry Harrison  Naval battles were more successful. On September 10, 1813, after a bloody battle along Lake Erie led by Oliver Hazard Perry, Oliver Hazard Perry American ships destroyed the British naval force. Oliver Hazard PerryAmerican ships destroyedOliver Hazard PerryAmerican ships destroyed

44. Although they lost the Revolutionary War, the British caused trouble for the United States from their stronghold in Canada. Trace the Great Lakes' importance in the War of 1812. 3:53

45. Campaigns of 1813

46. IX. Cont.  British troops and their Native American allies tried to pull back from Detroit now that America controlled Lake Erie. In the Battle of the Thames on October 5, Tecumseh was killed when Harrison and his troops cut off the British and Native American forces. was killedwas killed  Canada remained unconquered, although Americans attacked York (present-day Toronto), burning the Parliament buildings.  The war at sea saw more victories.  http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=317456 Battle of Horseshoe Bend 8:12 http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=317456  The Native Americans had some setbacks. When Tecumseh died, hopes of a Native American confederation also died. In March 1814, at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend, Mississippi Territory, Jackson attacked and defeated the Creeks. They were forced to give up most of their lands in the United States.

47. Jackson’s Florida Campaigns

48. Why do you think America wanted to seize Canada from the British? Answers will vary, but should include the idea that Canada was a vast land. If America could conquer the region, the United States would grow in size and resources.

49. X.The British Offensive (Pages 298-300)  In the spring of 1814, the British won the war with the French. Now they could send more troops to America. On August 24,1814, the British marched into the capital of Washington, D.C., burning and destroying the city. Washington, destroying the city.Washington, destroying the city.  The British then went on to attack Baltimore, but Baltimore was ready. The British attacked but could not enter.  Roads were barricaded, the harbor was blocked, and some 13,000 militiamen stood guard.  Frances Scott Key wrote the "Star-Spangled Banner " to exemplify the patriotic feeling when he saw the American flag still flying over Fort McHenry when the battle was over. Sept. 13-14, 1814 Fort McHenryFort McHenry

50. X. Continued  C. The British goal to capture Plattsburgh, a key city on the shore of Lake Champlain, was stopped when the American naval force on Lake Champlain defeated the British fleet on the lake on September 11, 1814. Knowing the American ships could overtake them, the British retreated to Canada. force on Lake Champlainforce on Lake Champlain  D. The British decided after the Battle of Lake Champlain loss that the war in North America was too costly and unnecessary. In December 1814, in Ghent, Belgium, American and British representatives signed the Treaty of Ghent Treaty of Ghent to end the war. The treaty did not change any of the existing borders. Treaty of GhentTreaty of Ghent  http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=317457 Jackson defeats the British 15min. http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=317457  E. One final battle was fought after the peace treaty was signed but before word reached the United States of the peace agreement. The Battle of New Orleans in December 1814 was a bloody battle in which the Americans were victorious. Andrew Jackson led the American army and became a hero. His fame helped him later win the presidency in 1827. Battle Of New Orleans - Johnny HortonOf New Orleans (British Answer) - Jimmy Driftwood The Battle of New Orleans him 1827 Battle Of New Orleans - Johnny HortonOf New Orleans (British Answer) - Jimmy Driftwood The Battle of New Orleans him 1827 Battle Of New Orleans - Johnny HortonOf New Orleans (British Answer) - Jimmy Driftwood

51. The Battle of New Orleans, 1815

53.  The Federalists in New England had opposed the war from the start. At the Hartford Convention, they drew up a list of proposed amendments to the constitution. Hartford Convention Hartford Convention  Once the word came of Jackson's victory and the peace treaty, their grievances seemed unpatriotic and their party lost favor.

54. How did the War of 1812 affect the country? The American victory brought a spirit of (1) nationalism. The War Hawks, who urged the president to declare war, were winners, too. People viewed members of the Republican Party with respect. Even the New England Federalists, who had opposed the war, felt a sense of patriotism. Americans felt that now Britain would see the United States as more of an equal in their political policies. (2) America could now focus again on Western expansion, developing the economy, and creating a strong army and navy.

55. Essay Questions Pick one of the questions below to prepare for tomorrow’s test  How do today’s elections differ from the election of 1800?  Why did the Embargo Act of 1807 divide the American People?