1. Contemporary Legal Studies

2. Legal Formalism: Law as Science All law is established and it is the role of the courts to discover the appropriate rule and to apply it. Scientific application of legal precedence to new cases gives certainty and predictability to law. Formalism can be said to be a positivist explanation of how law and legal systems operate.

3. Legal Realism Developed in reaction to Legal Formalism Courts are the authors of the law Purpose of law is to resolve disputes Role of the state is to provide decisions in a predictable fashion based on principles and experiences of judges The role of the citizen is to resolve disputes in a lawful manner, either through lawyers or through the courts

4. Marxism Laws are derived from the upper class who hold power and rule in their own interest The purpose of law is to maintain the powers and privileges of the ruling class The state suppresses the rights of the working class, and maintains order for the benefit of the ruling class The role of the citizen is to strive toward a revolution that would overthrown the ruling class and create a classless society

5. Feminist Jurisprudence They believe that laws come from the male elite The purpose of law is to maintain male dominance over society and to oppress women The role of the state is to remove systemic barriers and give women equal rights