1. Gel electrophoresis Ashti Mohammad Amin M.Sc. Molecular Biology Medical Research Center Hawler Medical University- 2012

2. Gel electrophoresis Gel electrophoresis is a technique used for the separation of (DNA), (RNA), and protein molecules using an electric field applied to a gel matrix. DNA Gel electrophoresis is usually performed for analytical purposes, often after amplification of DNA via PCR. proteinmoleculesPCR

3. used as a preparative technique prior to use of other methods such as mass spectrometry, RFLP, PCR, cloning, DNA sequencing, or Southern blotting for further characterizationmass spectrometryRFLPPCRcloningDNA sequencingSouthern blotting

4. The term "gel" in this instance refers to the matrix used to contain, then separate the target molecules. In most cases, the gel is a crosslinked polymer whose composition and porosity is chosen based on the specific weight and composition of the target to be analyzed.gelcrosslinked polymer

5. Common applications of gel electrophoresis process Embryo screening for genetic diseases Genotyping or genetic fingerprinting Epidemological studies of pathogenic organisms Cloning large plant DNA using YACs, Identifying RFLP. Detection in vivo chromosomes from yeasts, fungi and parasites ……..

6. Types of gel electrophoresis SDS-PAGE Pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) Agarose gel electrophoresis

7. SDS –PAGE Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis Separate proteins according to their electrophoretic mobility (a function of the length of a polypeptide chain and its charge ).

8. SDS-PAGE Tertiary Negative charge Positive charge

9. Is a technique used for the separation of large DNA molecules like (fungi,yeasts, parasites…..) by applying an electric field that periodically changes direction to a gel matrix. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE)

10. PFGE

11. Agarose gel electrophoresis Agarose gel electrophoresis is the easiest and commonest way of separation and analysis DNA. Using agarose gel electrophoresis to determine the presence and size of PCR products.

12. Casting tray  Gel combs  Power supply  Gel tank   Cover Electrical leads  Electrophoresis Equipment

13. The Materials necessary for conducting agarose gel electrophoresis A garose Electrophoresis buffer Loading dye Ethidium bromide Transilluminator UV light.

14. What is agarose ? Is a chain of sugar extracted from seaweed. Agarose D D-galactose-galactose 3,6-anhydro L-galactose 3,6-anhydro L-galactose

15. Making an agarose gel. An agarose gel is prepeard by combining agarose powder and a buffer solution Use a flask that is several times larger than the volume of buffer, because the agarose boils over easily

16. Melting the Agarose Agarose is insoluble at room temperature (left). The agarose solution is boiled until clear (right). Leave it to cool on the bench for 5 minutes down to about 60 C.

17. Staining the Gel with ethidium bromide Ethidium bromide can be added to the gel and/or running buffer before the gel is run or the gel can be stained after it has run. Ethidium bromide binds to DNA and fluoresces under UV light, allowing the visualization of DNA on a Gel.

18. Gel casting tray & combs A comb is put in the gel to create wells, each of the gel combs should be submerged in the melted agarose solution.

19. Carefully pour the melted agarose solution with ethedium bromide dye into the casting tray. Avoid air bubbles.

20. When cooled, the agarose polymerizes, forming a flexible gel. It should appear lighter in color when completely cooled (30-45 minutes). Carefully remove the combs and tape.

21. Place the gel in the gel tank,add enough electrophoresis buffer to cover the gel to a depth of at least 1 mm. Make sure each well is filled with buffer. buffer   Cathode (negative) Anode  (positive)  wells  DNA 

22. with buffer.Sample Preparation Mix the samples of DNA with the 6X sample loading buffer.This allows the samples to be seen when loading onto the gel, and increases the density of the samples, causing them to sink into the gel wells. 6X Loading Buffer: Bromophenol Blue (for color) Glycerol (for weight)

23. DNA samples loaded into wells. Carefully place the pipette tip over a well and gently expel the sample. Loading the Gel

24. Running the Gel Place the cover on the electrophoresis chamber, connecting the electrical leads. Connect the electrical leads to the power supply. Be sure the leads are attached correctly - DNA migrates toward the anode (red). When the power is turned on, bubbles should form on the electrodes in the electrophoresis chamber.

25. Cathode (-) Anode (+) DNA (-)  Anode (+) Anode (+) DNA (-)  DNA (-)  wells After the current is applied, make sure the gel is running in the correct direction. Bromophenol blue will run in the same direction as the DNA.  Bromophenol Blue

26. Ethidium Bromide -stained gel requires an ultraviolet light source to visualize

28. Visualizing the DNA (QuikVI stain)  250  1,500  1,000  500  750  2,000 bp DNA ladder  + - - - - + + - - + - +  100  200  300  1,650  1,000  500  850  650  400  12,000 bp  5,000  2,000 DNA Ladder Standard Inclusion of a DNA ladder (DNAs of know sizes) on the gel makes it easy to determine the sizes of unknown DNAs. - + DNA migration bromophenol blue  bromophenol blue migrates at approximately the same rate as a 300 bp DNA molecule

29. DNA is negatively charged

30. How fast will the DNA migrate? Strength of the electrical field, density of agarose and size of the DNA (Small DNA move faster than large DNA) …gel electrophoresis separates DNA according to size +- Power DNA small large DNA

31. Visualizing the DNA (ethidium bromide))

32. Thank you

33. Thank you