1. Typhoid Fever in Children: a hospital based follow-up Dr. Pushpa R Sharma Professor of Child Health Department of Child Health

2. Antonius Musa, a Roman physician who achieved fame by treating the Emperor Augustus 2,000 year ago, with cold baths when he fell ill with typhoid. HISTORY OF THE TYPHOID FEVER

3. Thomas Willis who is credited with the first description of typhoid fever in 1659.

4. William Wood Gerhard who was the first to differentiate clearly between typhus fever and typhoid in 1837.

5. Carl Joseph Eberth who discovered the typhoid bacillus in 1880.

6. Georges Widal who described the ‘Widal agglutination reaction’ of the blood in 1896.

7. History In the mid-nineteenth century, Sir William Jenner undertook the first successful definition of typhoid, clearly delineating it from typhus, which is spread by lice and has differing symptoms. Karl J. Erberth isolated the first causal organism for typhoid fever in 1880, thus providing the basis for a definitive diagnosis. Typhoid bacilli in culture plate The genus is named for the pathologist Salmon, who first isolated Salmonella choleraesuis from porcine intestine.

8. History (contd) The best known carrier was "Typhoid Mary"; Mary Mallon was a cook in Oyster Bay, New York in 1906 who is known to have infected 53 people, 5 of whom died. Five years after her release, she was found to have been the source of 25 cases of typhoid at the Women's Hospital in Manhattan.

9. Typhoid and paratyphoid fevers are endemic in the Indian subcontinent. Typhoid fever affects 17 million people worldwide every year, with approximately 600,000 deaths. Case fatality rates of 10-50% children aged 1-5 years are at the highest risk The incubation period range 3-56 days. Epidemiology

10. 0-4'10-1420-2445-54 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 0-4'10-1420-2445-54 years of age % of typhoid fever cases Typhoid fever strikes mostly children Mean age at KCH is 7.8 yrs (n=32): 2002

11. Symptomatology (contd) Long and constraining clinical features 37°C 40°C D 0D7D21 D3-56 IncubationInvasionStatus periodRecovery Long convalescence Asymptomatic Headache Abdominal pain Cough Constipation, diarrhoea Diarrhea Splenomegaly Toxic look Hepatomegaly Abdominal distension Crackles Diseases do not follow the text book picture

12. Symptoms (contd) Symptoms Typhoid fever (%) KCH 2002 (n=32) Paratyphoid A & B (%) Fever89-100 100%92-100 Headache43-90 32%60-100 Nausea23-3633-58 Vomiting24-35 3.1%22-45 Abdominal pain Distension 8-52 21.8% 29-92 Diarrhoea30-57 25%17-68 Constipation10-79 9.3%2-29 Cough11-36 8.4%10-68

13. Total leukocytes count (n=32) Total counts are not helpful

14. Pattern of antibiotics being used n=32

15. Antibiotic Sensitivity

16. Approach to a child with fever Fever in the first week without treatment Fever in the first week with antibiotics Fever in the second week with various antibiotics A child with fever without any localizing signs Observe for the general condition, look for the specific signs Work-up for investigations, counsel the parents

17. Treatment (contd) Temperature subsides when drugs are withheld

18. Problem with i.v. ceftriaxone Drug fever Cost Single daily dose by syringe for three days only. 1 Reduces the cost and fever 1.Am J Trop Med Hyg., 52(2), 1995. 162-165.

19. Ceftriaxone fever in Typhoid through i.v drip Through syringe

20. Thank you