1. Phonology The study of how different languages organize sounds to use in building words and phrases and sentences

2. What is a distinctive sound? The concept of contrast distinguishes the words from one another bait/bet/ bail/bel/ Contrastive/distinctive/meaningful sounds: /t//l/

3. What are minimal pairs? help find sounds that contrast in any language contrastive sounds are called phonemes goat/got/vs.coat/kot/ = /g/ /k/ cap/cab bag/back bag/badge

4. Minimal pairs? beatbit baitbet batbite bootbut boatbought

5. What are allophones? Transcribe the following words: Tickstickbitterhits

6. What is a phone? A particular pronunciation of a phoneme A collection of phones of the same phoneme are called allophones

7. pilltillkill spillstillskill partarcar sparstarscar

8. Thai—aspirated and unaspirated sounds [paa]‘forest[paa]‘to split’ [tam]‘to pound’[tam]‘to do’ [kat]‘to bite’[kat]‘to interrupt’ Is aspiration meaningful?

9. Complementary distribution: sounds that do not occur in identical environments Contrastive distribution: sounds that occur in identical environments

10. What about Korean [r] vs. [l]? [param]‘wind’ [irim]‘name’ [pal]‘foot’ [mal]‘horse’ [ilkop]‘seven’ [ipalsa]‘barber’

11. What about [r] and [l] in English?

12. Cannot predict when [l] and [r] will occur in English. Contrastive sounds Belong to different phonemes

13. They are related to each other by a phonological rule, which determines when the actual sound produced is [r] and when it is [l]

14. French: words are distinguished by nasalization of the vowel: [lo] ‘prize’[lo] ‘long’ [l ] ‘ugly[l ] ‘flax’ [la] ‘there’[la] ‘slow’ The sounds [o] and [o] correspond to two different phonemes /o/ and /o/

15. English: the nasalization is predictable by a phonological rule. Roamrope Lame lace Lamblap The sounds [o] and [o] correspond to a single phoneme /o/ which is realized as [o] or [o] depending on the context.

16. Phonemes in English and French EnglishFrench /o//o//o/ [o] [o][o][o]

17. What are natural classes? Rules refer to natural classes of sounds A natural class is a set of sounds that share some property (properties) and only members of that set have this (these) property/properties. [m, n, ]—nasal consonants All members have the properties of being nasal and consonants.