1. Equilibrium and Stability of RELAX A.Sanpei, R.Ikezoe, T. Onchi, K.Oki, T.Yamashita, Y.Konishi, M.Nakamura,M.Sugihara, A.Higashi, H.Motoi, H. Himura, N.Nishino 1), R.Paccagnella 2), A.Ejiri 3), T.Akiyama 4), K.Nagasaki 5), J.K.Anderson 6), D.J. Den Hartog 6), H.Koguchi 7) Kyoto Institute of technology, Kyoto, Japan 1) Hiroshima University, Higashi-hiroshima, Japan 2) Consorzio RFX, Padova, Italy 3) University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan 4) National Institute for Fusion Science, Toki, Japan 5) Kyoto Univerisyt, Uji, Japan 6) University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA 7) National Institute for Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan S.Masamune Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan

2. REversed field pinch of Low-Aspect-ratio eXperiment R/a = A = 2 (51 cm/25 cm) Optimization in progress Kyoto Institute of Technology

3. Lower A means lower n for dominant m = 1 modes more space in the core region

4. Goal of RELAX experiment Experimental study on advantages of low-A RFP configuration - Improved confinement with QSH for achieving high beta - Experimental identification of bootstrap current (targer parameters: p T e ~300eV, n e ~4×10 19 m -3 at I p ~100kA)

5. Outline - Descharge regimes in Θ-F space in RELAX Extremely deep reversal regime Shallow reversal regime -Helical State Helical hot core - Magnetic boundary control -- status

6. RFP plasmas in RELAX Low-aspect-ratio RFP plasmas: I p < 100 kA ， n e = 10 18 ～ 2 x 10 19 m - 3 ， T e < 100 eV ， τ D ～ 2 ms MHD properties have been studied in discharges during flat-topped phase for 0.5ms with 40kA < Ip < 100kA

7. F and Θ keep some relation over wide range of parameters BFM Medium to high aspect ratio RFP PPCD & IHTM In shallow reversal region,  Periodic QSH or Helical Ohmic RFP state tends to be realized In deep reversal, high-Θ region,  Amplitudes of resonant modes are suppressed significantly  SXR emission increases, indicating improved plasma performance

8. F dependence of amplitudes of magnetic fluctuation shows strong F dependence of resonant modes non-resonantcore-resonantedge-resonant Trend: m=1 fluctuation amplitudes decrease with deepening field reversal Amplitudes of resonsnt modes are more sensitive to F

9. Extremely deep reversal discharge Extremely deep reversal, high-Θ region is accessible without sawtooth crash or discrete dynamo event. MHD Stability in extremely deep reversal regime may be revisited in toroidal geometry. Rapid rotation of the resonant MHD modes may be related with the low edge magnetic fluctuation amplitudes.

10. q profiles and toroidal mode spectrum of m=1 modes q profiles from equilibrium reconsytuction code RELAXFit Shallow reversal region: Dominant modes are core resonant m=1/n=4,5,6. Toroidal mode spectrum can be accounted for by q profile. Deep reversal region: Amplitudes of m=1 modes are reduced to ~1/4. Spectrum becomes broader Increased magnetic shear may contribute to the lower fluctuation amplitudes in deep reversal case. No evidence of externally resonant mode? （ -0.1 < F < 0 ） （ -0.8 < F < -0.6 ）

11. Dependence of Soft-X ray emission intensity on F SXR emission tends to increase by deepeneng the field reversal – two distinctive regions, shallow-F and deep-F – density and temperature measurements are required for estimate of plasma performance SXR emission: a measure of plasma performance

12. Characteristic phenomena in shallow-reversal region - Helical structure observed with high-speed camera - m = 1 amplitude (a.u.) Toroidal mode number n = 4 NOTE: Recent observation shows toroidal rotation of the simple helix Visible light image

13. Characteristic phenomena in shallow-reversal region - SXR images suggest helical hot core in QSH - トロイダルモード スペクトル Experimantal result filament Experimental result SXR pin-hole camera 5-μs exposure

14. Detailed comparison with simulated images indicates helical hot core Experimental image A model contours of SXR emissivity for a large island (a=3, w=15cm) Simulated image (  =3, w=15cm, r n=4 =14cm ) V ertical intensity profile Horizontal intensity profiles

15. 15 Characteristic phenomena in shallow-reversal region SXR emission is centrally peaked, with slight change in time AXUVarray Quasi-periodic change in SXR profile -with frequency of ~10kHz -change in peak may indicate rotation of helical structure in SXR emission? ☆ multi-chord SXR emission measurement with AXUV (Al 2mmt filter) Time evolution of SXR emission profile Change in gradient Change in peak p: impact parameter

16. Magnetic field profile in shallow-reversal regions is characterized by Helical Ohmic Equilibrium state Symbols: measured profiles with radial array of magnetic probes. Solid lines: Ohmic helical equilibrium solution (Paccagnella (2000)), details are in the next slide. Shafranov shift Δ/a ~ 0.2. The helical structure rotates at a frequency of ~10 kHz. Axisymmetric componentsm=1 helical components

17. Helical Ohmic Equilibrium Solution - Helical Equilibrium and Ohm’s Law - Grad-Shafranov equation with helical symmetry Ohm’s law with helical symmetry ( ) Contours of helical flux function Theta=1.78, F=-0.06, beta=0.1 (courtesy of R.Paccagnella)

18. Feedback control of magnetic boundary at the gap with saddle coils Poloidal gap with four saddle coils (in red) Block diagram for control system Current driver using IGBT Four saddle coils →control of m=1 component saddle coil

19. RFP performance is improved using the feedback control at the gap Reduction of gap flux (field errors) results in improved discharge →longer discharge duration 0 0.51.01.52.0 t (ms) w/o controlwith controlthreshold Covering the vacuum vessel with 4×16 (or 32) saddle coils Use of digital feedback controller for flexibility horizontal field vertical field for further improvements

20. RWM is problematic for longer pulse operation in RELAX => I p starts decreasing Br (m=1/n=2) measured on the outer surface of the vacuum vessel 3-D nonlinear MHD simulation predicts RWM in RELAX (Paccagnella, 2008) Initial growth of m=1/n=-4 resonant mode, followed by growth of the non-resonant m=1/n=2 external kink mode with growth time of resistive wall time constant

21. Magnetic boundary control plan in RELAX -32 (or 16) toroidally, 4 poloidally separated saddle coils for feedback control of RWM -Construction of the power supplies in progress -Introduction of digital feedback controllers under discussion

22. Summary RFP plasmas with MHD properties characteristic to low-A configuration have been attained in RELAX. Two characteristic regimes for possible improved performance have been found. Rotating helical structure have been observed. Possible Helical Ohmic Equilibrium state with hot core has been demonstrated. Feedback control of magnetic boundaries are in progress for further improvement of plasma performance.

23. backup slides

24. Characteristic phenomena in shallow-reversal region - Possibility of rotating Helical Ohmic Equilibrium state - A large-scale magnetic field profile change Quasi-periodic oscillation between reversed and non-reversed states Similar large-scale oscillatory behavior in B r and B  B  (mT) Ip (kA)

25. Characteristic phenomena in deep-reversal region Phase locking are influenced by field reversal In shallow reversal discharges, locked mode tends to occur frequently （ -0.1 < F < 0.1 ， Pf = 1.6 mTorr ） （ -0.8 < F < -0.6 ， Pf = 0.1 mTorr ） In deep reversal discharges, locked mode tends to be unlocked, probaly due to the increased distances between the wall and resonant surfaces Phase locking also tends to be unlocked, due to the lower mode amplitude? Phase dispersion <= Resonant surfaces are closer to the wall

26. Digital feedback controller using BlackFin board ・ clock frequency: 500MHz ・ SDRAM 64MB ・ 8 programmable timers ・ 12bit 1MHz digitizer ・ digital signal processor applicable → feedback control scheme Prof. B. Nelson (U. Washington), Profs. Y.Kikuchi, M.Nagata (U. Hyogo) Courtesy of Digital controller developed for ICC experiments

27. 27 Characteristic phenomena in shallow-reversal region SXR emission is centrally peaked, with slight change in time AXUVarray Quasi-periodic change in SXR profile -with frequency of ~10kHz -change in peak may indicate rotation of helical structure in SXR emission? ☆ multi-chord SXR emission measurement with AXUV (Al 2mmt filter) Time evolution of SXR emission profile Change in gradient Change in peak p: impact parameter