1. Supply Chain Management
Definition:
Supply Chain Management is primarily concerned with the efficient integration of suppliers, factories, warehouses and stores so that merchandise is produced and distributed in the right quantities, to the right locations and at the right time, and so as to minimize total system cost subject to satisfying customer service requirements.
Notice:
Who is involved
Cost and Service Level
It is all about integration

2. What is Supply Chain Management?
Managing supply chain flows and assets, to maximize supply chain surplus.
What is supply chain surplus?
Notes:
Supply chain surplus refers to what the customer has paid - total cost expended by supply chain in filling order.
Supply chain surplus could be viewed as customer value (company’s contrinutions, tangibles & intangible to its customers?

3. Customers,
demand
centers
sinks
Field
Warehouses:
stocking
points
Sources:
plants
vendors
ports
Regional
Warehouses:
stocking
points
Supply
Inventory &
warehousing
costs
Production/
purchase
costs
Transportation
costs
Transportation
costs
Inventory &
warehousing
costs

4. What is a supply chain? P&G or other manufacturer Jewel or third
party DC
Jewel
Supermarket
Customer wants
detergent and goes
to Jewel
Plastic
Producer
Tenneco
Packaging
Chemical
manufacturer
(e.g. Oil Company)
Notes:
Supply chain involves everybody, from the customer all the way to the last supplier.
Key flows in the supply chain are - information, product, and cash. It is through these flows that a supply chain fills a customer order. The management of these flows is key to the success or failure of a firm. Give Dell & Compaq example, Amazon & Borders example to bring out the fact that all supply chain interaction is through these flows.
Chemical
manufacturer
(e.g. Oil Company)
Paper
Manufacturer
Timber
Industry

5. Decision Phases in Supply Chain
Supply Chain Strategy & Design
Supply Chain Planning
Supply Chain Operations

6. Supply Chain Strategy & Design
Location & capacity of production and warehouses
Products to manufactured and in which locations
Mode of transportation
Types of information systems to be used
Strategic sourcing decisions

7. Supply Chain Planning Markets to be supplied & from which location
Planned build-up of inventory
Subcontracting of manufacturing
Timing and size of market promotion
Handling uncertainty in demand, foreign exchange fluctuations
Establishing production plan under fixed strategic parameters

8. Supply Chain Operations
Decisions over individual customer orders (daily, weekly)
Less uncertainty about demand information
Exploit reduction of uncertainty to optimize performance
Establish deliver dates
Establish order fill rate

9. Cycle View of Supply Chains
Customer
Customer Order Cycle
Retailer
Replenishment Cycle
Distributor
The supply chain is a concatenation of cycles with each cycle at the interface of two successive stages in the supply chain. Each cycle involves the customer stage placing an order and receiving it after it has been supplied by the supplier stage.
One difference is in size of order. Second difference is in predictability of orders - orders in the procurement cycle are predictable once manufacturing planning has been done.
This is the predominant view for ERP systems. It is a transaction level view and clearly defines each process and its owner.
Manufacturing Cycle
Manufacturer
Procurement Cycle
Supplier

10. Strategic Scope Suppliers Manufacturer Distributor Retailer Customer
Competitive Strategy
Product Dev. Strategy
Supply Chain Strategy
Strategic scope must cover all boxes, at least at the supply chain end. Each stage must have fit across its vertical boxes and supply chain strategy spanning all players. This fit allows the countering of multiple owners and helps avoid local optimization.
Marketing Strategy

11. Strategic Scope Intracompany Intraoperation Scope
Minimize local cost view
Intracompany Intrafunctional Scope
Minimize functional cost view
Intracompany Interfunctional Scope
Minimize company profit view
Intercompany Interfunctional Scope
Maximize supply chain surplus view

12. Supply Chain Challenges
Achieving Global Optimization
Conflicting Objectives
Complex network of facilities
System Variations over time

13. Supply Chain Challenges
Achieving Global Optimization
Conflicting Objectives
Complex network of facilities
System Variations over time
Managing Uncertainty
Matching Supply and Demand
Demand is not the only source of uncertainty

14. Key Issues in Supply Chain Management
Distribution Network Configuration
Inventory Control
Supply contract
Distribution Strategies
Supply Chain Integration & Strategic Partnering
Outsourcing & Procurement Strategies
In distribution network, major issues are warehouse location & capacities, production levels, transportation flows, etc.
In inventory, we need to know how much to order and when to order to increase the inventory turns and minimize stock-outs
Supply contract details the relationship between the suplier and the buyer in terms of pricing, volume discounts, delivery lead time returns, etc.
In distribution strategy we need to decide whether we use cross-docking, warehousing strategy or direct shipping.
Information sharing and operational planing are key to scm integration
What are the firm’s core competencies? Is the company willing to assume the risk with outsourcing?
Is it possible to leverage product design to compensate for uncertainties in customer demand?
IT is a critical enabler to effective SCM. What is the quality and usefulness of the data?
Customer value is a moving target since expectations are always increasing. Value may supersede quality and cost

15. Key Issues of SCM (cont)
Product Design
Information Technology & Decision Support System
Customer Value

16. Relationships between key SCM Issues and the business environment
Global Optimization
Managing Uncertainty
Dist. Conf. X
Inv. Control
Sup. Contract
Dist. Strategies
St. partnership
Outsourcing
Pr. Design
IT & DSS
Cust. Value

17. Prerequisites for Supply Chain Management
Top management understanding & commitment
Quest for excellence
Effective and efficient communication
Relationship instead of exchange
Cross-functional teams
Reality of team, partnerships & alliances (based on harmony & trust)

18. Supply Chain: The Magnitude
In 1998, American companies spent $898 billion in supply-related activities (or 10.6% of Gross Domestic Product).
Transportation 58%
Inventory 38%
Management 4%
Third party logistics services grew in 1998 by 15% to nearly $40 billion

19. Supply Chain: The Magnitude (continued)
It is estimated that the grocery industry could save $30 billion (10% of operating cost) by using effective logistics strategies.
A typical box of cereal spends 104 days getting from factory to supermarket.
A typical new car spends 15 days traveling from the factory to the dealership.

20. Supply Chain: The Magnitude (continued)
Compaq computer estimates it lost $500 million to $1 billion in sales in 1995 because its laptops and desktops were not available when and where customers were ready to buy them.
Boeing Aircraft, one of America’s leading capital goods producers, was forced to announce writedowns of $2.6 billion in October The reason? “Raw material shortages, internal and supplier parts shortages…”. (Wall Street Journal, Oct. 23, 1997)

21. Supply Chain: The Potential
Procter & Gamble estimates that it saved retail customers $65 million through logistics gains over the past 18 months. “According to P&G, the essence of its approach lies in manufacturers and suppliers working closely together …. jointly creating business plans to eliminate the source of wasteful practices across the entire supply chain”. (Journal of Business Strategy, Oct./Nov. 1997)

22. Supply Chain: The Potential
Dell Computer has outperformed the competition in terms of shareholder value growth over the eight years period, , by over 3,000% (see Anderson and Lee, 1999) using
- Direct business model
- Build-to-order strategy.

23. Supply Chain: The Potential
In 10 years, Wal-Mart transformed itself by changing its logistics system. It has the highest sales per square foot, inventory turnover and operating profit of any discount retailer.

24. Supply Chain: The Complexity
National Semiconductors:
Production:
Produces chips in six different locations: four in the US, one in Britain and one in Israel
Chips are shipped to seven assembly locations in Southeast Asia.
Distribution
The final product is shipped to hundreds of facilities all over the world
20,000 different routes
12 different airlines are involved
95% of the products are delivered within 45 days
5% are delivered within 90 days.

25. Supply Chain Management: The Magnitude in the Traditional View
Estimated that the grocery industry could save $30 billion (10% of operating cost by using effective logistics and supply chain strategies
A typical box of cereal spends 104 days from factory to sale
A typical car spends 15 days from factory to dealership
Laura Ashley turns its inventory 10 times a year, five times faster than 3 years ago

26. Supply Chain Management: The True Magnitude
Compaq estimates it lost $0.5 billion to $1 billion in sales in 1995 because laptops were not available when and where needed
When the 1 gig processor was introduced by AMD, the price of the 800 meg processor dropped by 30%
P&G estimates it saved retail customers $65 million by collaboration resulting in a better match of supply and demand

27. Drivers of Supply Chain Performance
Efficiency
Responsiveness
Inventory
Transportation
Facilities
Information
Supply chain structure
Drivers
How does a supply chain make the efficiency / responsiveness tradeoff and position at the appropriate point - using Inventory, Transportation, Facilities, and Information decisions.

28. Considerations for Supply Chain Drivers

29. Achieving Strategic Fit
Understanding the Customer
Lot size
Response time
Service level
Product variety
Price
Innovation
Implied
Demand
Uncertainty

30. The Value Chain: Linking Supply Chain and Business Strategy
New Product
Strategy
Marketing
Strategy
Supply Chain Strategy
New
Product
Development
Marketing
and
Sales
Operations
Distribution
Service
Finance, Accounting, Information Technology, Human Resources

31. Flows in a Supply Chain Supply Chain Customer Information Product
Funds
Supply Chain

32. Sequential Optimization vs. Global Optimization
Procurement
Planning
Manufacturing
Distribution
Demand
Sequential Optimization
Supply Contracts/Collaboration/Information Systems and DSS
Procurement
Planning
Manufacturing
Distribution
Demand
Global Optimization
Source: Duncan McFarlane

33. The Dynamics of the Supply Chain
Production Plan
Distributor Orders
Retailer Orders
Order Size
Customer
Demand
What is shown here is how divergent these various forecasts are in relation to real demand.
Why?? Because they are developed independently from each other and are dated, and unconnected to each other and the daily fluctuations in the market
Time
Source: Tom Mc Guffry, Electronic Commerce and Value Chain Management, 1998

34. The Dynamics of the Supply Chain
Production Plan
Order Size
Customer
Demand
What is shown here is how divergent these various forecasts are in relation to real demand.
Why?? Because they are developed independently from each other and are dated, and unconnected to each other and the daily fluctuations in the market
Time
Source: Tom Mc Guffry, Electronic Commerce and Value Chain Management, 1998