1. Electrical Charge- Electrostatics
Chapter 32 Notes I
Electrical Charge- Electrostatics

2. What does it mean if something has a charge?
Charges are physical properties of matter

3. What is a static charge? charges at rest.
Electrical forces are much stronger than gravity but the repel each other, however they are still acting on you at all times.
Can be positive and negative.
Mythbusters vandegraff

5. Like charges repel and unlike charges attract.
Neutrals are attracted to all charged objects.
Charges exert a force through a distance.
The two charges are considered to be opposite, because an object with equal amounts of positive and negative charge has no net charge.

6. Electrical Forces are much stronger than gravity…
Why don’t we notice them?
The attractive and repulsive forces between the charges in Earth and the charges in your body balance out!!!!

7. Charge and the Atom
What 3 subatomic particles are the atom made of?
What is the charge of each?

8. Electromagnetic force is significant at atomic level. Things you know:
Atom has positively charged nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons
All electrons are identical (same mass; same quantity of negative charge)
All protons are identical (same mass; same quantity of positive charge)
Nucleus composed of protons and neutrons. Neutrons are neutral
Neutral atoms have equal protons and electrons so zero net charge

9. Reviewing what you already know…
Do metals tend to gain or lose electrons?
Lose
Do atoms lose or gain protons? no
What is an atom called that does not have equal numbers of protons and electrons?
ion
If electrons are in excess the net charge is?
Negative
If protons are in excess the net charge is?
positive

10. Conservation of Charge
The total amount of charge in the universe is constant
Charges cannot be created or destroyed – only transferred.
Electrons cannot be created or destroyed – only transferred.

11. Conductors Materials through which electric charge can flow
Outer electrons are loose
METALS, water, human body, salts
Head rush Human conductors

12. INSULATORS
Electrons are tightly bound and remain with particular atoms. – not free to wander
Poor conductors of electricity
RUBBER, GLASS, styrofoam, paper

13. Random question…
Does lightening ever strike the same place twice?

14. Semiconductors
A third class of materials that have electrical properties in between insulators and conductors.
Germanium and silicon
Sometimes act as insulators and sometimes as conductors

15. Transferring Charges Electric charges can be transferred by
1. Friction
2. Contact
3. Induction

16. Charge by Friction
Transfer of electrons between two objects that are touching.
Electrons will travel to the object that has the higher electron affinity (love for electrons)

17. Charge by Contact
Both insulators and conductors can be charged by contact.
Contact occurs between charged object and neutral object. These two objects will then have the same charge.
Involves transfer of electrons

18. Charge by Induction
If a charged object is brought near a conducting surface, even WITHOUT physical contact, electrons will move to the conducting surface.
Involves rearrangement of electrons

19. Charging by induction occurs during thunderstorms.
The negatively charged bottoms of clouds induce a positive charge on the surface of Earth below.
Most lightning is an electrical discharge between oppositely charged parts of clouds.
The kind of lightning we are most familiar with is the electrical discharge between clouds and oppositely charged ground below.

20. Grounding
When we allow charges to move off (or onto) a conductor by touching it, it is common to say it is grounded.

21. Charge by Induction
If this source is connected to the earth by conducting wire or pipe (grounded), the electrons will move into or out of the substance.

22. Assessment Questions
If a neutral atom has 22 protons in its nucleus, the number of surrounding electrons is
less than 22.
22.
more than 22.
unknown.

23. Assessment Questions
If a neutral atom has 22 protons in its nucleus, the number of surrounding electrons is
less than 22.
22.
more than 22.
unknown.
Answer: B

24. Assessment Questions
When we say charge is conserved, we mean that charge can
be saved, like money in a bank.
only be transferred from one place to another.
take equivalent forms.
be created or destroyed, as in nuclear reactions.

25. Assessment Questions
When we say charge is conserved, we mean that charge can
be saved, like money in a bank.
only be transferred from one place to another.
take equivalent forms.
be created or destroyed, as in nuclear reactions.
Answer: B

26. Assessment Questions
Which is the predominant carrier of charge in copper wire?
protons
electrons
ions
neutrons

27. Assessment Questions
Which is the predominant carrier of charge in copper wire?
protons
electrons
ions
neutrons
Answer: B

28. Assessment Questions
When you scuff electrons off a rug with your shoes, your shoes are then
negatively charged.
positively charged.
ionic.
electrically neutral.

29. Assessment Questions
When you scuff electrons off a rug with your shoes, your shoes are then
negatively charged.
positively charged.
ionic.
electrically neutral.
Answer: A

30. Assessment Questions
When a cloud that is negatively charged on its bottom and positively charged on its top moves over the ground below, the ground acquires
a negative charge.
a positive charge.
no charge since the cloud is electrically neutral.
an electrically grounded state.

31. Assessment Questions
When a cloud that is negatively charged on its bottom and positively charged on its top moves over the ground below, the ground acquires
a negative charge.
a positive charge.
no charge since the cloud is electrically neutral.
an electrically grounded state.
Answer: B

32. Assessment Questions
When a negatively charged balloon is placed against a non-conducting wall, positive charges in the wall are
attracted to the balloon.
repelled from the balloon.
too bound to negative charges in the wall to have any effect.
neutralized.

33. Assessment Questions
When a negatively charged balloon is placed against a non-conducting wall, positive charges in the wall are
attracted to the balloon.
repelled from the balloon.
too bound to negative charges in the wall to have any effect.
neutralized.
Answer: A