2. Public Policy Research Forum Informing Policy: Realizing the Potential and Benefits of Public Policy Research in Hong Kong (B) Equality and Opportunity Roads to Success in Hong Kong among New Arrivals from the Chinese Mainland K.K. Leung Department of Applied Social Studies

3. Number of One-way Permit Holders 1983 - 2008 Source: Security Bureau & Home Affairs Department and Immigration Department, HKSAR Government 1974: “Touch Base” Policy 1980: Repatriated immediately after arrested 1983: 75 persons a day – One-way Permit Scheme 1993: 105 persons a day 1995: 150 persons a day 2003: Admission Scheme for Mainland Talents & Professionals and Capital Investment Entrant Scheme Im/migration Policy in Hong Kong

4. Source: Census & Statistics Department, HKSAR Government Note: Of the One-way Permit daily quota of 150 since 1995, 60 (40%) for children born in the mainland of HK permanent residents with Certificate of Entitlement & 30 (20%) for mainland residents separated from their spouses in HK for 10 years or more Equal Opportunities & Social Discrimination Persons from the Mainland Having Resided (PMRs) in Hong Kong Needs of PMRs for 3 Years & Less November 2002 – May 2003 Needs of PMRs for Less than 7 Years October – December 2005 Number of PMRs107,000241,000 Worked in the Mainland70.7%67.3% Hong Kong 40.0%47.9% Perceived Discrimination21.8%no data* * 26.5%, * 26.5%, K.K. Leung, S.H. Ng, W.C. Chan, C.K. Cheung & S.F. Fung, ”Roads to Success in Hong Kong among New Arrivals from the Chinese Mainland”, CityU, 2007.

5. Statistics on Difficulties and Service Needs of New Arrivals from the Mainland 2001 - 2009* Situation(%)200120022003200420052006200720082009 Difficultiesinadapting77.578.075.767.979.379.981.777.480.4 Source: “Statistics on New Arrivals from the Mainland”, Home Affairs Department & Immigration Department, HKSAR GovernmentSupportingserviceneeded84.783.982.071.785.086.486.483.686.0 * 1 st quarter of 2009

6. Statistics on Main Difficulties Encountered by New Arrivals from the Mainland 2001 - 2009* Main Difficulties (%) 200120022003200420052006200720082009 Work53.250.849.952.254.352.159.752.154.0 Living environment 44.239.638.421.633.732.023.230.031.8 Family finance 27.029.131.831.230.026.020.020.222.3 Language15.017.416.213.912.719.525.726.627.0 * 1 st quarter of 2009 Source: “Statistics on New Arrivals from the Mainland”, Home Affairs Department & Immigration Department, HKSAR Government

7. Statistics on Mostly Needed Supporting Services of New Arrivals from the Mainland 2001 - 2009* Mostly Needed Supporting Services (%) 200120022003200420052006200720082009 Assistance in seeking employment 58.355.754.356.960.259.564.458.262.3 Career training 32.131.631.038.242.840.141.034.635.0 Application for public housing 45.738.234.021.635.936.127.935.034.8 English course 24.729.529.523.430.730.131.933.935.6 * 1 st quarter of 2009 Source: “Statistics on New Arrivals from the Mainland”, Home Affairs Department & Immigration Department, HKSAR Government

8. Survey Research  “Roads to Success in Hong Kong among Recent Immigrants from the Chinese Mainland”, funded by RGC  Survey samples in 2005: 2,846 = 1,390 students + 1,091 younger adults + 365 older adults  Questionnaire: 82 questions covering 5 main areas:  profile: personal/social characteristics  capital: human, social, cultural, and financial  success: psychological adjustment, social integration, and achievement  social experience: social services received and discrimination experienced  migration policy support

9. Personal/Social Characteristics  Sex  Age  Marital status  Religion  Partisanship  Place of origin  Arrival time Capital  Human  Social  Cultural  Financial Social experience  Social service reception  Social discrimination Success  Psychological adjustment  Social integration  Achievement Support for the migration policy Framework

10. Standardized Regression Coefficients for Predicting New Arrivals’ Attitudes and Behaviour

11. *: p <.05; **: p <.01; ***: p <.001

12. Standardized Regression Coefficients for Predicting New Arrivals’ Attitudes and Behaviour *: p <.05; **: p <.01; ***: p <.001

13. Standardized Regression Coefficients for Predicting New Arrivals’ Attitudes and Behaviour *: p <.05; **: p <.01; ***: p <.001

14. Standardized Regression Coefficients for Predicting New Arrivals’ Attitudes and Behaviour

15. Access, Activation, Reproduction and Accumulation of Capital  Access cultural capital, financial capital, human capital and social capital accessed by new arrivals at their arrival in Hong Kong  Activation making use of the access to trigger off the four forms of capital after their arrival in Hong Kong

16.  Reproduction recreating the four forms of capital after their activation  Accumulation capitalizing on the activation and reproduction of capital to engender success including psychological adjustment, social integration and achievement

17. Accumulation Model Access Reproduction Activation Capital

18. Informing Policy  For facilitating new arrivals’ success in Hong Kong, policy can ensure the following: 1. integrating new arrivals as earlier as possible once they arrive in Hong Kong; 2. promoting social capital and cultural capital of new arrivals in general; specifically:

19. 2.1 helping new arrivals with less social capital and cultural capital at the time of arrival in Hong Kong; 2.2enhancing new arrivals’ social capital and cultural capital after their arrival; Informing Policy

20. 3. eliminating social discrimination against new arrivals in general; 4. offering equal opportunities to them in gaining access to various forms of capital; 5. sustaining a supportive context for new arrivals to gain access to, activate, reproduce, and accumulate their capital acquired before. Informing Policy

21. Thank You