2. 45,000 BC M89 As the Out of Africa lineage migrated across northeastern Africa and the Arabian Peninsula another mutation occurred on the Y-chromosome of one of M168’s male descendants. This marker, called M89, arose about 45,000 years ago, somewhere in the Middle East and is carried by all Eurasian and Native American men (Haplogroups G through R). NEXT

3. 45,000 BC M89 The following few screens show four of the haplogroups that arose directly from the early M89 mutation, as well as some of the CSUEB men that represent the haplogroups. NEXT

4. M89 M168 M89 M60 M91 M130 M96 M201 NEXT

5. yDNA Haplogroup G

6. NEXT Men carrying the M201 mutation (haplogroup G) are quite rare. The mutation probably arose some 30,000 years ago in northern India and from there spread in small numbers to both the Near East and Asia. After the Neolithic Revolution a few haplogroup G men may have migrated into Europe but the majority of present-day G-men in Europe probably arrived during the historic period. The highest concentration of haplogroup G today is north of the Black Sea in Georgia and Ossetia, the area occupied during Roman times by such warrior nomads as the Sarmatians. After being subdued by Roman legions in the first century A.D., many Sarmatian mounted cavalry were deployed to western territories as far away as Britain, France and Switzerland. The ancestors of George, Michael, Rodolfo, and Stan may have come from such Sarmatian stock. George Switzerland Rodolfo Switzerland Michael Portugal Eric Germany

7. The End

8. A kiosk presentation prepared for the exhibition March 2 to June 15, 2007

9. For more information visit our web site: http://class.csueastbay.edu/anthropologymuseum