1. Arrays part 2 Applications & such

2. Returning an array from a method A method can return an array, just like it can return any other kind of variable; example: public PlayingCard [] newDeck () { PlayingCard deck = new PlayingCard[52]; for (int x=0; x<52; x++) deck[x] = new PlayingCard(); return deck; }

3. Array applications Arrays are useful whenever a relatively large amount of data must be kept available in memory for processing We will look at several examples of array applications, and see how arrays can be used as arguments to methods and as method return values

4. Application 1: frequency counter A common programming problem involves counting the number of times particular values are found in a data set, or particular events occur while a program is running An array can be used as a frequency counter, keeping track of the frequency of occurrence of several events at a time

5. Example: are the dice fair? For our first example, consider the dice game craps: –The game involves rolling two six-sided dice –Both dice have a pattern of dots on each of their sides; each has a side with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 dots –When the dice are rolled, whichever sides land up determine the score for the roll; for example, if the dice read 3 and 4, the player rolled a 7

6. Are the dice fair? The possible dice combinations are these (repeat combinations are not shown):

7. Determining fairness With fair dice, the most common roll should be 7, since there are more combinations (two each of 1-6, 2-5, and 3-4) that add up to 7 than any other combination We should see a 7 come up one-sixth of the time A Java program that plays craps would use a random number generator to simulate the roll of the dice We can use an array as a frequency counter to determine if the simulated dice are fair

8. Testing dice fairness First, we’ll write a method that produces a random number between 1 and 6 To test the fairness of our method, we will call it from within a loop that runs several thousand times; each time we roll (by calling the method twice, once for each die), we will record the score by incrementing an index in a frequency- counting array When the loop is finished, we’ll examine the array to see how often we rolled a 7

9. Code for example 1 import java.util.*; public class DiceGame { private Random rg; // generates random # to represent roll public DiceGame () { // initialize random number generator rg = new Random(); } public int rollDice () { // return a number between 1 and 6 int cube = rg.nextInt(); cube = Math.abs(cube); cube = cube % 6 + 1; return cube; }

10. Code for example 1 public boolean testDice () { boolean fair = false; int [] diceCounter = new int [13]; for (int x=0; x<13; x++) diceCounter[x] = 0; int die1, die2; for (int y=0; y<100000; y++) { die1=rollDice(); die2=rollDice(); diceCounter[die1+die2]++; } System.out.println ("After rolling dice 100,000 times, we have:"); for (int z=2; z<13; z++) System.out.println (z + ":\t" + diceCounter[z]); if (diceCounter[7] >= (1.0/6.0)) fair = true; return fair; }

11. Code for example 1 public static void main (String [] args) { DiceGame dg = new DiceGame(); System.out.println ("Testing dice..."); boolean areFair = dg.testDice(); if (areFair) System.out.println ("Dice are fair - we can play"); else System.out.println ("These dice are loaded!"); }

12. Sample output from example 1 Testing dice... After rolling dice 100,000 times, we have: 2:2806 3:5511 4:8377 5:11094 6:13958 7:16593 8:13803 9:11230 10:8230 11:5603 12:2795 Dice are fair - we can play

13. Application 2: sorting algorithms Sorting is one of the most basic operations of computers; the need to sort data was one of the motivating factors for the invention of automatic computing machines We will take a brief look at a few of the many sorting algorithms that have been developed over the years, using an array of random integers as our data set

14. A testbed for sorting algorithms The next slide presents some of the methods of a class that is designed to test various sorting algorithms The class contains an array of random integers and the means to copy and print this array, as well as implementations of a few well-known sorting algorithms

15. Sorter class – private members, default constructor, utility methods import java.util.*; public class Sorter { private int [] numbers; private Random rg; public Sorter () { numbers = new int [100]; rg = new Random(); for (int x = 0; x<100; x++) { int tmp = rg.nextInt(); tmp = Math.abs(tmp); tmp = tmp % 100 + 1; numbers[x] = tmp; } public int [] copyArray () { int [] sorted = new int [numbers.length]; for (int x=0; x < numbers.length; x++) sorted[x] = numbers[x]; return sorted; } public static void printArray (int [] array) { for (int x=0; x<array.length; x++) { if (x % 10 == 0) System.out.print("\n"); System.out.print (array[x] + "\t"); }

16. Selectionsort Goal of the algorithm is to sort a list of values (for example, integers in an array) from smallest to largest The method employed comes directly from this statement of the problem –find smallest value and place at front of array –find next-smallest value and place in second position –find next-next-smallest and place in third position –and so on...

17. Selectionsort The mechanics of the algorithm are simple: swap the smallest element with whatever is in the first position, then move to the second position and perform a similar swap, etc. In the process, a sorted subarray grows from the front, while the remaining unsorted subarray shrinks toward the back

18. Sorting an Array of Integers The picture shows an array of six integers that we want to sort from smallest to largest [0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]

19. The Selectionsort Algorithm Start by finding the smallest entry. Swap the smallest entry with the first entry. [0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]

20. The Selectionsort Algorithm Part of the array is now sorted. Sorted side Unsorted side [0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]

21. The Selectionsort Algorithm Find the smallest element in the unsorted side. Sorted side Unsorted side [0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]

22. The Selectionsort Algorithm Swap with the front of the unsorted side. Sorted side Unsorted side [0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]

23. The Selectionsort Algorithm We have increased the size of the sorted side by one element. Sorted side Unsorted side [0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]

24. The Selectionsort Algorithm The process continues... Sorted side Unsorted side Smallest from unsorted Smallest from unsorted [0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]

25. The Selectionsort Algorithm The process continues... Sorted side Unsorted side [0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] Swap with front Swap with front

26. The Selectionsort Algorithm The process continues... Sorted side Unsorted side Sorted side is bigger Sorted side is bigger [0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]

27. The Selectionsort Algorithm The process keeps adding one more number to the sorted side. The sorted side has the smallest numbers, arranged from small to large. Sorted side Unsorted side [0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]

28. The Selectionsort Algorithm We can stop when the unsorted side has just one number, since that number must be the largest number. [0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]

29. The Selectionsort Algorithm The array is now sorted. We repeatedly selected the smallest element, and moved this element to the front of the unsorted side. [0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]

30. Implementation of Selectionsort public void selectionSort () { int mindex, len, tmp; len = numbers.length; for (int x = 0; x <= len-2; x++) { mindex = x; for (int y = x+1; y <= len-1; y++) if (numbers[y] < numbers[mindex]) mindex = y; tmp = numbers[x]; numbers[x] = numbers[mindex]; numbers[mindex] = tmp; }

31. Sample output Before sort: 5920513865753691465 35218964347612934882 32719990132676474483 78772981512155798321 799633929948914087 147753462191520554 66718637865676541936 8851386416285023228 10513480331634177916 666460669719616228 After sort: 344477891012 13141516161617191919 20202121212223262828 29323334343435363637 38384044474848505151 51515354555556596061 62626364646465656666 66717175767676777778 79798081828383868687 88899091919293999999

32. Insertionsort Although based on the same principle as Selectionsort (sorting a portion of the array, adding one element at a time to the sorted portion), Insertionsort takes a slightly different approach Instead of selecting the smallest element from the unsorted side, Insertionsort simply takes the first element and inserts it in place on the sorted side so that the sorted side is always in order

33. Insertionsort algorithm Designate first element as sorted Take first element from unsorted side and insert in correct location on sorted side: –copy new element –shift elements from end of sorted side to the right (as necessary) to make space for new element

34. Insertionsort algorithm Correct location for new element found when: –front of array is reached or –next element to shift is <= new element Continue process until last element has been put into place

35. The Insertionsort Algorithm The Insertionsort algorithm also views the array as having a sorted side and an unsorted side. [0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]

36. The Insertionsort Algorithm The sorted side starts with just the first element, which is not necessarily the smallest element. [0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] Sorted side Unsorted side

37. The Insertionsort Algorithm The sorted side grows by taking the front element from the unsorted side... [0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] Sorted side Unsorted side

38. The Insertionsort Algorithm...and inserting it in the place that keeps the sorted side arranged from small to large. [0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] Sorted side Unsorted side

39. The Insertionsort Algorithm In this example, the new element goes in front of the element that was already in the sorted side. [0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] Sorted side Unsorted side

40. The Insertionsort Algorithm Sometimes we are lucky and the new inserted item doesn't need to move at all. [0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] Sorted side Unsorted side

41. The Insertionsort Algorithm Sometimes we are lucky twice in a row. [0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] Sorted side Unsorted side

42. Implementation of Insertionsort public void insertionSort () { int x, y, tmp; for (x=1; x<numbers.length; x++) { tmp = numbers[x]; for (y=x; y>0 && numbers[y-1] > tmp; y--) numbers[y] = numbers[y-1]; numbers[y] = tmp; }