1. ORDER STATISTICS

2. ORDER STATISTICS
Let X1, X2,…,Xn be a r.s. of size n from a distribution of continuous type having pdf f(x), a<x<b. Let X(1) be the smallest of Xi, X(2) be the second smallest of Xi,…, and X(n) be the largest of Xi.
X(i) is the i-th order statistic.

3. ORDER STATISTICS It is often useful to consider ordered random sample.
Example: suppose a r.s. of five light bulbs is tested and the failure times are observed as (5,11,4,100,17). These will actually be observed in the order of (4,5,11,17,100). Interest might be on the kth smallest ordered observation, e.g. stop the experiment after kth failure. We might also be interested in joint distributions of two or more order statistics or functions of them (e.g. range=max – min)

4. ORDER STATISTICS
If X1, X2,…,Xn is a r.s. of size n from a population with continuous pdf f(x), then the joint pdf of the order statistics X(1), X(2),…,X(n) is
Order statistics are not independent.
The joint pdf of ordered sample is not same as the joint pdf of unordered sample.
Future reference: For discrete distributions, we need to take ties into account (two X’s being equal). See, Casella and Berger, 1990, pg 231.

5. Example Suppose that X1, X2, X3 is a r.s. from a population with pdf
f(x)=2x for 0<x<1
Find the joint pdf of order statistics and the marginal pdf of the smallest order statistic.

6. ORDER STATISTICS
The Maximum Order Statistic: X(n)

7. ORDER STATISTICS
The Minimum Order Statistic: X(1)

8. Example
Same example but now using the previous formulas (without taking the integrals): Suppose that X1, X2, X3 is a r.s. from a population with pdf
f(x)=2x for 0<x<1
Find the marginal pdf of the smallest order statistic.

9. # of possible orderings
ORDER STATISTICS
k-th Order Statistic y y1 y2
yk-1 yk
yk+1 yn …
# of possible orderings
n!/{(k1)!1!(n  k)!}
P(X<yk)
P(X>yk)
fX(yk)

10. Example
X~Uniform(0,1). A r.s. of size n is taken. Find the p.d.f. of kth order statistic.
Solution: Let Yk be the kth order statistic.

11. # of possible orderings
ORDER STATISTICS
Joint p.d.f. of k-th and j-th Order Statistic (for k<j)
k-1 items
j-k-1 items
n-j items
# of possible orderings
n!/{(k1)!1!(j-k-1)!1!(n  j)!}
1 item
1 item y y1 y2
yk-1 yk
yk+1 yn …
yj-1 yj
yj+1
P(X<yk)
P(yk<X<yj)
P(X>yj)
fX(yk)
fX(yj)

12. LIMITING DISTRIBUTIONS

13. Motivation
The p.d.f. of a r.v. often depends on the sample size (i.e., n)
If X1, X2,…, Xn is a sequence of rvs and Yn=u(X1, X2,…, Xn) is a function of them, sometimes it is possible to find the exact distribution of Yn (what we have been doing lately)
However, sometimes it is only possible to obtain approximate results when n is large  limiting distributions.

14. CONVERGENCE IN DISTRIBUTION
Consider that X1, X2,…, Xn is a sequence of rvs and Yn=u(X1, X2,…, Xn) be a function of rvs with cdfs Fn(y) so that for each n=1, 2,…
where F(y) is continuous. Then, the sequence Yn is said to converge in distribution to Y.

15. CONVERGENCE IN DISTRIBUTION
Theorem: If for every point y at which F(y) is continuous, then Yn is said to have a limiting distribution with cdf F(y).
Definition of convergence in distribution requires only that limiting function agrees with cdf at its points of continuity.

16. CONVERGENCE IN DISTRIBUTION
Example:
“limiting distribution”
“Asymptotic distribution”

17. Example Let X1,…, Xn be a random sample from Unif(0,1).
Find the limiting distribution of the max
order statistic, if it exists.

18. Example Let {Xn} be a sequence of rvs with pmf
Find the limiting distribution of Xn , if it exists.

19. Example
Let Yn be the nth order statistic of a random sample X1, …, Xn from Unif(0,θ).
Find the limiting distribution of Zn=n(θ -Yn),
if it exists.

20. Example Suppose that X1, X2, …, Xn are iid from Exp(1).
Find the limiting distribution of the max
order statistic, if it exists.

21. LIMITING MOMENT GENERATING FUNCTIONS
Let rv Yn have an mgf Mn(t) that exists for all n. If
then Yn has a limiting distribution which is defined by M(t).

22. Example
Let =np.
The mgf of Poisson()
The limiting distribution of Binomial rv is the Poisson distribution.

23. CONVERGENCE IN PROBABILITY (STOCHASTIC CONVERGENCE)
A rv Yn convergence in probability to a rv Y if
for every >0.

24. CHEBYSHEV’S INEQUALITY
The Chebyshev’s Inequality can be used to prove stochastic convergence in many cases.
Let X be an rv with E(X)= and V(X)=2.

25. CONVERGENCE IN PROBABILITY (STOCHASTIC CONVERGENCE)
The Chebyshev’s Inequality proves the convergence in probability if the following three conditions are satisfied.
1. E(Yn)=n where

26. Example
Let X be an rv with E(X)= and V(X)=2<. For a r.s. of size n, is the sample mean. Is

27. WEAK LAW OF LARGE NUMBERS (WLLN)
Let X1, X2,…,Xn be iid rvs with E(Xi)= and V(Xi)=2<. Define Then, for every >0,
converges in probability to .
WLLN states that the sample mean is a good estimate of the population mean. For large n, the sample mean and population mean are close to each other with probability 1. But more to come on the properties of estimators.

28. STRONG LAW OF LARGE NUMBERS
Let X1, X2,…,Xn be iid rvs with E(Xi)= and V(Xi)=2<. Define Then, for every >0,
that is, converges almost surely to .

29. Relation between convergences
Almost sure convergence is the strongest. (reverse is generally not true)

30. THE CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM
Let X1, X2,…,Xn be a sequence of iid rvs with E(Xi)= and V(Xi)=2<∞. Define
. Then, or
Proof can be found in many books, e.g. Bain and Engelhardt, 1992, page 239

31. Example Let X1, X2,…,Xn be iid rvs from Unif(0,1) and
Find approximate distribution of Yn.
Find approximate values of
The 90th percentile of Yn.

32. SLUTKY’S THEOREM
If XnX in distribution and Yna, a constant, in probability, then
a) YnXnaX in distribution.
b) Xn+YnX+a in distribution.

33. SOME THEOREMS ON LIMITING DISTRIBUTIONS
If Xn c>0 in probability, then for any function g(x) continuous at c, g(Xn) g(c) in prob. e.g.
If Xnc in probability and Ynd in probability, then
aXn+bYn ac+bd in probability.
XnYn cd in probability
1/Xn 1/c in probability for all c0.

34. Example
X~Gamma(, 1). Show that