1. Insecticide Resistance and Ecotoxicology

2. Insecticide Composition Insecticide = Active Ingredient + Additives

3. Formulations Solutions Emulsion concentrates Water dispersible powders Suspension concentrates Baits Dusts Granules and pellets Fumigants Controlled release formulations Spray adjuvants

4. Solutions DDT used to be applied in this way. Now solution are used only for ultra low-volume applications.

5. Emulsion concentrates If insoluble in water… then use an emulsifying agent. A what ?!

6. Emulsion concentrates Emulsifying agent: Substance used to facilitate the dispersion of an immiscible material in a solvent. Dissolve insecticide on: organic solvent + emulsifier Dissolve mix on water

7. Water dispersible powders Insoluble Dispersed in water. Insecticide can be a solid or a liquid.

8. Suspension concentrates Solid held in suspension

9. Baits Insect attractant + insecticide Attractant: - Food source - Pheromone

10. Dust Inert carrier + insecticide - Seed dressing - Foliage

11. Granules and Pellets Inert carrier + insecticide 0.1-2.5 mm Safe Easy to handle Precise targeting Slow release > 2.5 mm

12. Fumigants Used in soil or enclosed spaces Stored products pests Gas proof spaces Costly Supervised Gases Diffuse well Absorbed through cuticule or resp. syst. All are toxic to humans.

13. Controlled release formulations Less active ingredient Slow release

14. Spray adjuvants Dispersants Emulsifiers Surfactans Spreaders Penetrants Stickers Humectants

15. It is not that simple…

16. LD 50 Lethal dose Dose at which 50% of the test insects are killed Insecticide Concentration

17. Insecticide efficiency depends on… Insect behavior Insect size Insect instar Insect habitat

18. Insecticide efficiency depends on also…

19. The user also has a saying Ease of use Safety Price

20. Insecticide inconveniences Moving large volumes Time invested in spraying Safety concerns Cost

22. Insecticide Resistance

23. Directional selection

24. How does it work?

25. Recognized since 1911 It became a concern in 1940s After the 1950s several cases observed

27. 1% 99% Ecotoxicology

28. Non-target

38. What have insecticide companies done to help? Increase power of active ingredients Improve selectivity Decreased residual life of insecticide Safety checks have improved Improved application methods

39. The IPM proposal