1. T HE M USLIM E MPIRES OF A SIA & N ORTHERN E URASIA ; 1500-1750 Mr. Ermer AP World History Miami Beach Senior High School

2. R ISE OF THE O TTOMAN E MPIRE Strongest post-Mongol Muslim empire Osman’s dynasty’s adept rule Control of trade routes Hybrid military blending traditional skill with new tech Defeat Mamluks in Syria and Egypt (Selim I) 1453: Conquer Constantinople/Istanbul (Mehmet II) Defeat Serbians at Battle of Kosovo Stopped Safavid expansion Suleiman the Magnificent & the Balkans

4. O TTOMAN I NSTITUTIONS Turkish horsemen, European slaves= military Christian military slaves were called janissaries Devshirme, practice of using European children taken from home, taught Turkish and Islam, as janissaries Social Structure: askeri “military class”/raya “flock” Highly centralized, powerful empire Urban centers are heavily Muslim, sha’riah law Non-Muslims, rural people look to own religious leaders for guidance

5. C RISIS OF THE MILITARY STATE, 1585-1650 Military technology and firearms improve Janissary corps grows, cavalry shrinks Cavalrymen restive in rural Anatolia Inflation caused by cheap silver from New World Religious law prohibits tax reform Wars and revolts/rebellions Janissaries gain in influence/power Lifting of lifestyle prohibitions like marriage Janissaries decrease in number over time

7. T HE NEW O TTOMAN MODEL 1650-1750 Slow period of declining international power Sultan no longer military leader, secluded in palace Sultan’s mother & chief eunuch run palace/royalty Grand Vizier runs government Janissaries become hereditary Less military, more interested in business and politics Central control of gov’t declines, provinces grow rich Adoption of European ways causes religiously charged rebellions Muhamad ibn Abd al-Wahhab (Sunni), Patrona Halil Some multiethnic port cities prosper

8. T HE S AFAVIDS Ottoman Similarities: Land grants for cavalry Land rather than sea power Similar social structure/interactions Ismail=Safavid Shah Shi’ite Islam Set Iran apart from neighbors Builds strong ties to Muslims in India Hidden Imam : all shahs are stand ins for 12 th descendent of Ali Economy based on silk and Persian rugs No navy to speak of, Gulf trade diminished Similar economic decline to that of Ottomans

9. T HE M OGHAL E MPIRE 1526-1761 Muslims ruling over India’s Hindu majority Descends from the Mongols, Timur, Babur conquers Akbar’s dynasty rules most of India Social classes ranked as mansabs Cotton trade booms, exchanged for (inflated) silver Rajputs: Hindu soldiers from the north (15% of army) Akbar fosters good Muslim-Hindu relations Marries Rajput princess, fathers half breed heir Lifts non-Muslim head-tax Sikhism stages strong opposition to Moghals Central government decays and collapses, enter British

11. J APANESE R EUNIFICATION Japanese emperor in Kyoto has little power Daimyo : Feudal lords with power, armies, land Samurai : feudal knight-vassals of lords Shogun : hereditary commander of armies with loose command of daimyo and armies Warlord Hideyoshi unites Japan, invades Korea Korean invasion fails, but weakens Chinese force in Manchuria 1603: Tokugawa Shogunate, defused military state Move capital to Edo (Tokyo) Samurai adapt to bureaucratic role (educate, conspicuous consumption, etiquette) Merchants become important players in modernization Forge close ties to daimyo and shogun

13. J APAN & E UROPEANS Government closely regulates trade with Europe Fr. Francis Xavier (Catholic missionary) Poor impressed with faith, elite inclined to oppose upsetting order Shogun outlaws Christianity, Europeans Only the Dutch can trade, restricted to small island off Nag. Economic growth outpaces population growth Decentralized government limited regulatory oversight Merchant class grows despite lack of gov’t support Kabuki theater, printed clothing/wookblock, restaurants “Forty-Seven Ronin” values vs. order Ronin outlawed, made to commit seppuku Tokugawa gov’t=traditional, society=moderizing

15. C HINA : T HE M ING E MPIRE Early Ming success: int’l demand for Chinese goods, expanded trade, bureaucratic efficiency, rural wealth Sharp decline in mid to late Ming Dynasty Climate change causes rural uprisings Inflation caused by too much silver Weak government caused economic problems Fighting Mongols, Manchu, & Japan weakens state Manchus defeat Ming Dynasty—est. Qing Empire Europeans traded with China via island bases Portuguese/Macao, Spain/Manila, Dutch/Taiwan Catholic missionaries have greater success than in Japan, poor and elites convert, Jesuits in gov’t office

17. Q ING C HINA Qing Emperors Kangxi & Qianlong restore greatness Built economic infrastructure Reestablish overland trade/communication Conquer new lands from Mongols & Russians Southeast Asian tribute states contribute to economy Qing emperors sour on Christian missionaries, expel Qing influences on Europe use “variolation” as smallpox vaccine Wallpaper Market for Chinese products Admiration for Qing imperial “wisdom” and culture Europeans traders allowed only at Canton/“Can. System” British E. India Co. traded silver for tea Macartney Mission fails, China remains closed to Europe