1. Chapter 4 179-193

2. Restrictive when or that At the time, the statues were still standing. The Dutch arrived then. At the time when the Dutch arrived, the statues were still standing.

3. Nonrestrictive when In 1722, the statues were still standing. The Dutch arrived then. In 1722, when the Dutch arrived, the statues were still standing.

4. When, that_ then Where, which, that_ here

5. Adjective clauses Whom which

6. Sailors attacked the islanders. Three of the islanders were killed. Sailors attacked the islanders, three of the whom were killed.

7. Subject - verb agreement It was the only one of the islands that was formed by volcanoes. It is one of the islands that were formed by volcanoes.

8. Active Voice Active Voice – indicates that the subject of the verb is acting Because the subject does or "acts upon" the verb in such sentences, the sentences are said to be in the active voice.

9. Active Voice These examples show that the subject is doing the verb's action. The dog jumped onto the boy. The dog (subject) is doing the jumping (verb). Kristy will give a book report to the class. Kristy (subject) is doing the giving (verb). The computer ate my paper. The computer (subject) is doing the eating (verb).

10. Passive Voice In a passive voice sentence, the subject and object flip-flop. The subject becomes the passive recipient of the action. Because the subject is being "acted upon" (or is passive ), such sentences are said to be in the passive voice.

11. Passive Voice These examples show the subject being acted upon by the verb. The boy was jumped on by the dog. Boy (subject) was being jumped on (verb) A book report will be given by Kristy to the class. Report (subject) will be given (verb). My paper was eaten by the computer. Paper (subject) was being eaten (verb).

12. Reduction of adjective clauses with verbs in the active voice (nonrestrictive) Clause: The Taj Mahal, which sits on the Yamuna river, is one of the architectural wonders of the world. Participial Phrase: The Taj Mahal, sitting on the Yamuna river, is one of the architectural wonders of the world.

13. Reduction of adjective clauses with verbs in the passive voice (simple tenses) Clause: The Taj Mahal, which was built by Shah Jahan, is made of white marble. Participial Phrase: The Taj Mahal, built by Shah Jahan, is made of white marble.

14. Reduction of adjective clauses with verbs in the passive voice (continuous tense) Clause: The temples that were being built during this time had a variety of designs. Participial Phrase: The temples being built during this time had a variety of designs.

15. Reduction of adjective clauses with verbs in the passive voice (nonrestrictive) Clause: Today tourists flock to Machu Picchu, which was discovered by archeologists in 1911. Participial Phrase: Today tourists flock to Machu Picchu, discovered by archeologists in 1911.

16. Reduction of adjective clauses with verbs in the passive voice (restrictive) Clause: Some cities that were not protected by walls fell to invaders. Participial Phrase: Some cities not protected by walls fell to invaders.

17. Placement of nonrestrictive participial phrases Clause: King Saud University, which is located in Badea, is a good school. Participial phrase: King Saud University, located in Badea, is a good school. Located in Badea, King Saud University is a good school.

18. Placement of nonrestrictive participial phrases Participial phrase: King Saud University is a good school, located in Badea,