1. Species – Genetic Variation Main Points for Class Meeting: Main Points for Class Meeting: 1. What is a Species? 2. What makes species different from each other? 3. What are the sources of variation within species?

2. Species : Latin for “kind” or “appearance” Species : Latin for “kind” or “appearance” Morphological differences used to distinguish species Morphological differences used to distinguish species Differences in body function, biochemistry, behavior, and genetic makeup also used Differences in body function, biochemistry, behavior, and genetic makeup also used Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 1. What is a Species?

3. Species: A population whose members can interbreed under natural conditions to produce healthy, fertile offspring, but cannot produce healthy, fertile offspring with members of other species. The Biological species concept

4. Species are based on infertility, not physical similarity. Species are based on infertility, not physical similarity. Eastern and western meadowlarks have similar shapes and coloration, but differences in song help prevent interbreeding between the two species. Eastern and western meadowlarks have similar shapes and coloration, but differences in song help prevent interbreeding between the two species. Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

5. Species are based on infertility, not physical similarity. Species are based on infertility, not physical similarity. In contrast, humans have considerable diversity, but we all belong to the same species because of our capacity to interbreed. In contrast, humans have considerable diversity, but we all belong to the same species because of our capacity to interbreed.

6. Genes! Genes! Where are genes found? Where are genes found? On Chromosomes! On Chromosomes! Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 2. What makes species different from each other?

7. Chromosomes are made of condensed DNA Here is a complete set of Human chromosomes:

8. Different species have different numbers of chromosomes: Species:Number of Chromosomes: Mosquito6 Guinea pig16 Yeast32 Cat38 Humans46 Dog78!

9. Different species have different numbers of chromosomes: Species:Number of Chromosomes: Mosquito6 Guinea pig16 Yeast32 Cat38 Humans46 Dog78!

10. Half of an individual’s chromosomes come from its mother, & half from its father

11. If the chromosomes from the 2 parents don’t “match,” then the 2 parents are NOT the same species Example? Then what happens? No offspring can be produced OR the offspring are infertile

12. The MULE: The MULE: Mules are a hybrid between a horse & a donkey – 2 closely related species

13. 3. What are the sources of variation within species? Genetic Diversity – combinations of different forms of genes!

14. Genes are located on Chromosomes

15. Some genes have 2 (or more) forms, called “alleles” Offspring can inherit 1 form of the gene from one parent, and another form from the other parent.

17. Human Genetics Modified from a presentation by Timothy G. Standish, Ph. D. http://www.grisda.org/tstandish/teachers/presentations/General%20Biology/Human%20Ge netics.ppt#1http://www.grisda.org/tstandish/teachers/presentations/General%20Biology/Human%20Ge netics.ppt#1

18. The Madness of King George III Partly as a result of the erratic behavior of King George III the American colonies decided to break away from the United Kingdom Other members of King George’s family also exhibited strange behavior with dire consequences: Mary Queen of Scots and her son James I both of whom were beheaded. Because madness seems to have run in the family, it is thought to have a genetic basis (“acute intermittent porphyria”)

19. Human Heredity Is Not Unique The genes of humans behave in the same way as genes of other organisms Of the estimated 100,000 human genes, most are identical in all humans The relatively small number of “polymorphic” genes in humans account for only part of the variability that we see between humans While each human (except for identical twins) has a unique set of genetic information, variation between humans also results from differences in the environment

20. Politics and Genetics Human genetics: how humans are - can lead to controversy when traits seen as relating to race, gender or other sensitive issues This is particularly true when we start to talk about the genetics of behavior Nazis and other extreme right wing politicians see human worth and behavior being based on genetics Communists and other extreme leftwing politicians see humans as infinitely pliable and molded by their environment not genetics

21. Simple Dominant/Recessive Traits Many human genes are inherited as dominant or recessive traits (just like the traits Mendel studied in peas) Ear lobes provide an example of this: Attached ear lobes are inherited as a recessive trait. Unattached ear lobes are inherited as a dominant trait.

22. Simple Dominant/Recessive Traits Having a bent little finger is a dominant trait

23. Dominant/Recessive Human Traits Cleft chin - A noticeable indentation at the center of the chin. For examples think of Kirk Douglas and Michael Jackson (after plastic surgery). Having a cleft chin is dominant to a smooth chin. Double-jointed thumbs - This is commonly called a hitchhiker's thumb. The thumb can bend back at almost 90 degrees. Hitchhiker's thumb is a recessive trait, but it may vary in its expression.

24. Dominant/Recessive Human Traits Hand folding - When the hands are folded either the left or right thumb will be on top. Left thumb on top is dominant. Mid-digital hair - Hair growing from the middle section of each finger. Hair presence is dominant.

25. Dominant/Recessive Human Traits Tongue rolling - Tongue rolling is the ability to form a tube with your tongue. Rolling is dominant. Widow's peak - A sharp point in the hairline that points toward the nose. Having a widow's peak is dominant to a smooth hairline.

26. Sex Influenced Human Traits Baldness - Loss of hair from the scalp following puberty. A sex influenced trait that is most commonly fully expressed (as a dominant trait) in males Index finger shorter than ring finger - The index finger (next to your thumb) is longer than the ring finger (next to your little finger). Check the class data to see if the frequency is different for the different sexes.

27. Sex Linked Human Traits Color blindness - Inability to distinguish between colors of the same intensity. There are two types: red-green color blindness, and complete color blindness. Both types of colorblindness are sex linked traits.

28. Freckles - Small patches of darker pigmented skin on various parts of the body and most visible in those areas commonly exposed to the sun. These may be present on both dark and light skinned individuals. Polydactyly - Having more than five digits on each hand and foot. Specific Human Traits

29. S-methyl thioester smeller - S-methyl thioesters are produced in the urine after consumption of asparagus. Some individuals cannot smell this substance. If you smell a strong odor on urination after eating at least 5 asparagas spears, you are an S-methyl thioester smeller. Specific Human Traits

30. Multiple Alleles Eye color varies on an almost continuous scale from brown to green to gray to blue Eye color determined by two genes: one controls texture of the iris which refracts light to make blue; second determines relative abundance of melanin: small amount of melanin = green eyes, increasing amounts of melanin = brown and black eyes

31. Multiple Alleles Hair color is determined by more than one gene Thus hair color appears to vary on an almost continuous scale from black to brown to blond to red The brown and black pigment is melanin The red pigment is an iron containing molecule

34. Genetic Diversity Key Questions: Key Questions: 1. Relationship between species diversity & genetic diversity 2. What is the hierarchy of concepts that connect species to genes (& DNA)? 3. What is the importance of genetic variation?