1. Fingerprints Rolling inked prints
Recording and classifying prints
Rolling inked prints
Loops, whorls, arches, ridge characteristics
Primary identification number
Lifting prints
Black, white, and fluorescent powder
Chemicals—ninhydrin, iodine, silver nitrate, cyanoacrylate
Other types of prints
Palm, lip, teeth, eye, ear, voice, shoeprints, and footprints

2. Fundamental Principles of Fingerprints
A fingerprint is an individual characteristic.
A fingerprint remains unchanged during an individual’s lifetime.
Fingerprints have general characteristic ridge patterns that permit them to be systematically classified.

3. When do fingerprints form?
Ridges form in early embryonic development (3rd or 4th month)
remain constant throughout life.

4. What determines fingerprint pattern and minutiae?
DNA: Genes
Environmental forces: pressures within the womb and contact with the amniotic fluid

5. What do the genes control?
The tissue underlying the first few layers of skin is controlled by genes.
This tissue forms a unique pattern in the skin layer – Dermal Papillae
Environment has more to do with fingerprints than genes!!

6. John Dillinger – couldn’t change fingerprints with acid
John Herbert Dillinger (June 22, 1903–July 22, 1934) was a notorious bank robber in mid-western America. Some considered him a dangerous criminal, while others idolized him as a present-day Robin Hood. He gained this latter reputation (and the nickname "Jackrabbit") for his graceful movements during bank heists, such as leaping over the counter (a movement he supposedly copied from the movies) and many narrow getaways from police. His exploits, along with those of other criminals of the 1930s Depression era, such as Bonnie and Clyde and Ma Barker, dominated the attention of the American press and its readers[1] during what is sometimes referred to as the public enemy era (1931
Can only be altered by deep scarring of dermal layer (2-3mm).

7. History of Fingerprinting
Used in Ancient China as far back as 3 thousand years ago to sign documents.
For ceremony or for identification, not known

8. India - English civil servant required natives to sign
William Herschel (1858)
India - English civil servant required natives to sign
contracts with the imprint of right hand
Before bertillon

9. Henry Fauld (1870’s)
Became the first person to solve a crime using fingerprints.
Matched the fingerprints found on a cup at a robbery in Tokyo with those of a servant.
First to suggest fingerprinting as the primary means of identification.
took up the study of "skin-furrows" after noticing finger marks on specimens of "prehistoric" pottery. A learned and industrious man, Dr. Faulds not only recognized the importance of fingerprints as a means of identification, but devised a method of classification as well. Scottish doctor.
Sent findings to Darwin, who promised to send them to his cousin: GALTON

10. Francis Galton (1892) Fingerprints do not change as you age
No two are exactly the same.
Odds of two fingerprints being the same were 1 in 64 billion.
Published 1st book on Fingerprinting
Coined terms: loops, arches, and whorls.
Proved scientifically what Herschel and Faulds already suspected:

11. Sir Edward Henry (1897)
Developed a System to file fingerprints

12. Fingerprinting in the US
NY was the 1st state to use fingerprints – 1901
Became the official system of criminal identification in the U.S. in 1924 at the formation of the F.B.I.

13. US vs. Mitchell (1999) Challenged the individuality of fingerprints
Court ruled Human friction ridges are unique & permanent

14. Famous Cases Peter Griffiths – killed a 3 year old.
Mass fingerprinting was done to find the killer.

15. Dactyloscopy: The study of Fingerprints
History from 1850 to 1900
William Herschel—required Indians to put their fingerprints on contracts, and used fingerprints as a means of identifying prisoners
Henry Faulds—claimed that fingerprints did not change over time and that they could be classified for identification
Alphonse Bertillon—proposed body measurements as a means of identification; termed anthropometry
Francis Galton—developed a primary classification scheme based on loops, arches, and whorls
Edward Richard Henry—in collaboration with Galton, instituted a numerical classification system
Juan Vucetich—developed a fingerprint classification system based on Galton’s that is used in Spanish-speaking countries

16. Fingerprinting
Height – Fingerprinting surface should be 39 inches from floor
Clean fingers with alcohol swab
The individual should stand to the right and rear of the person taking the fingerprints in front of the card

17. Fingerprinting Procedure
Thumbs rolled toward the center of the body
Fingers rolled away from the center of the body.

18. Roll each finger in the correct space taking care to lift each finger up and away after rolling, to avoid smudging.

19. Rolled impressions The upper ten impressions are taken individually
Rolling Prints

20. Flat Impressions - Taken simultaneously without rolling, at a 45o angle and then the thumbs.

21. What can go wrong?

22. Ridge Characteristics
Minutiae - characteristics of ridge pattern
Ridge ending
Island or short ridge
Bridge
Eye or enclosure
Delta
Bifurcation or fork
Dot
Spur
Double bifurcation
Trifurcation

23. Ridge Characteristics

24. Crossover
Core
Bifurcation (fork)
Ridge ending
Island
Delta
Pore
Scar

25. Furcations Bifurcation Trifurcation Double bifurcation
Opposed bifurcation

26. Endings
Ridge Ending
Opposed Bifurcation Ridge Ending

27. Hook, Dot, Island, & Lake Island (Short Ridge) Dot Lake (enclosure)

28. Bridge & Ridge Crossings

30. Fingerprint Minutiae

31. Arch
An arch has friction ridges that enter on one side of the finger and cross to the other side while rising upward in the middle. They do NOT have type lines, deltas, or cores.
Types
Plain
Tented

32. Loop
A loop must have one or more ridges entering and exiting from the same side. Loops must have one delta.
Types
Radial—opens toward the thumb
Ulnar—opens toward the “pinky” (little finger)
Which type of loop is this, if it is on the right hand? Left hand?

33. Whorl
A plain or central pocket whorl has at least one ridge that makes a complete circuit.
A double loop is made of two loops. An accidental is a pattern not covered by other categories.
Whorls have at least two deltas and a core.
Types
Plain
Central pocket
Double loop
Accidental

34. Loop Whorl Arch

35. Percentages in the Population
Loop – 65%
Whorls – 30%-35%
Arches – 5%

36. Core
Top of the innermost recurving ridge.
Center of the pattern

37. Type Lines
Diverging ridges that go above & below the loop

38. Delta
The point of divergence of the type lines

39. Loop Pattern
One or more ridges entering and exiting from the same side it began.
Must have one delta.

40. Types of Loops
Radial--opens towards thumb
Ulnar--opens towards pinky

41. Whorl Have type lines and a minimum of 2 deltas Types Plain
Central Pocket
Double Loop
Accidental

42. Plain & Central Pocket loop
Both have at least one ridge that makes a complete circuit (spiral).
CENTRAL POCKET LOOP - Line drawn between the two deltas doesn’t touch a spiral ridge
PLAIN - Line drawn between the two deltas touches a spiral ridge

43. Double loop
Two loops combined
s-shaped

44. Accidental
Has 2 or more patterns (not including the plain arch)

45. Arches
Ridges enter on one side and cross to the other side while rising upward in the middle.
No type lines, deltas, or cores.

46. Tented sharp center rise
Types
Tented sharp center rise
Plain

47. What is the fingerprint pattern?
Plain arch
Tented arch
Plain whorl
Loop (r or u)

48. Which Loop is it?
radial
ulnar

49. The Henry System (1899)
Classification system using all 10 fingers. Based on identifying the patterns of each finger.
1,024 labels are created.
Still used today.

50. The fingerprint record is filed under its label
To locate a record, only 1 / 1,024th of the entire collection must be examined

51. Step 1: Determine which fingers have whorls

52. Step 2: Each finger is given a point value
right
left

53. Step 3: Set up a ratio _________________________________ = ______
Assign the number of points for each finger that has a whorl and substitute into the equation:
_________________________________ = ______
That number is your primary classification number.
right right left left left
index ring thumb middle little + 1
right right right left left
thumb middle little index ring + 1

54. Example 1
A suspect has whorls on her right index, left ring and right little fingers.
What is her Henry classification number?
2. right right left left left
index ring thumb ring little 1 +
1. right right right left left
thumb middle little index little

55. What is the ratio if all 10 fingers have whorls?
32/32
2. right right left left left
index ring thumb ring little 1 +
1. right right right left left
thumb middle little index little

56. What is the ratio if no fingers have whorls?
1/1
25% of the population
2. right right left left left
index ring thumb middle little 1 +
1. right right right left left
thumb middle little index ring

57. Comparison of Prints
There are no legal requirements in the United States on the number of points required for a match.
Generally, criminal courts will accept 8 to 12 points of similarity.

58. Latent Prints
Latent fingerprints are those that are not visible to the naked eye. These prints consist of the natural secretions of human skin and require development for them to become visible
Most secretions come from three glands:
Eccrine—secretes largely water, with both inorganic (ammonia, chlorides, metal ions, phosphates) and organic (amino acids, lactic acids, urea, sugars) compounds. Most important for fingerprints.
Apocrine—secretes pheromones and other organic materials.
Sebaceous—secretes fatty or greasy substances.

59. Developing Latent Prints
Developing a print requires substances that interact with secretions, causing the print to stand out against its background. It may be necessary to attempt more than one technique, done in a particular order so as not to destroy the print.
In modern labs and criminal investigations, lasers and alternative light sources are used to view latent fingerprints. These were first used by the FBI in Since lasers can damage the retina of the eye, special precautions must be taken.
Powders—adhere to both water and fatty deposits. Choose a color to contrast with background.
Silver nitrate—reacts with chloride to form silver chloride, a material that turns gray when exposed to light.

60. Ninhydrin—reacts with amino acids to produce a purple color.
Silver nitrate—reacts with chloride to form silver chloride, a material that turns gray when exposed to light.
Cyanoacrylate—“superglue” fumes react with water and other fingerprint constituents to form a hard, whitish deposit.

61. Other ways of locating Latent Prints
RUVIS - Reflected UV Imaging System
UV light is used to locate latent prints
Chemicals can also be used

62. Developing fingerprints using powders
Used on hard, non porous surfaces
Glass, mirror, metals, painted wood, tile, your desk, etc…

63. Adhere (stick) to water and fatty deposits in prints.
Use black (charcoal) for light surfaces
Use gray (aluminum) for dark surfaces

64. Magnetic Powder - special “brush” won’t smudge print (leather, rough plastic). Works better on shiny surfaces or plastic baggies or containers.
Fluorescent Powder - print glows with UV light

65. Developing Fingerprints Using Iodine
Heating iodine crystal causes sublimation (Liquid to Gas)
Fumes react with oils on skin
Temporary yellow brown print
To last longer spray with starch to set iodine.
Photograph after the treatment – permanent record.
Use on porous surface

66. Developing Fingerprints using Silver nitrate – Physical developer
Amino acids react with chlorides to form silver chloride (gray when exposed to light)
Develops prints not developed by other chemicals, even wet or documents over 2000 years old

67. Developing Fingerprints using Ninhydrin
Reacts with amino acids in sweat to produce a purple print.
Reaction takes 1 to 2 hrs or more on weaker prints.
Heat speeds it up.
Used on paper as old as 15 years old
Preferred method by scientist

68. Developing Fingerprints using Cyanoacrylate “super glue”
For non-porous materials such as metals, electrical tape, leather, plastic bags
Heat glue: vapors react with fingerprint constituents to form a hard, whitish print.

69. New Advances in Fingerprinting
DFO- (1,8-diazafluoren-9-one) instead of ninhydrin times more latent print exposure.
Dye Combinations - RAM, RAY, MRM 10 used with Super Glue fuming

70. Laser Techniques
In modern labs and criminal investigations, lasers and alternative light sources are used to view latent fingerprints.
It was first used by the FBI in 1978.
Since lasers can damage the retina of the eye, special precautions must be taken and a filter used.

71. Other Prints Lips—several common patterns
Voice—electronic pulses measured on a spectrograph
Foot—size of foot and toes; friction ridges on the foot
Shoes—can be compared and identified by type of shoe, brand, size, year of purchase, and wear pattern

72. Palm—friction ridges can be identified and may be used against suspects

73. Footprints are taken at birth as a means of identification of infants.

74. Ear-print
A man has been convicted of suffocating an elderly woman on the basis of ear-print evidence.
The assailant was caught after police matched the imprint of his ear on the victim’s window.
Police believe that the thief put his ear to the window to listen for signs of anyone home.

75. Teeth bite marks are unique and can be used to identify suspects.
These imprints were placed in gum and could be matched to crime scene evidence.

76. Blood vessel patterns
Blood vessel patterns in the eye may be unique to individuals.
They are used today for various security purposes.

77. AFIS
The Automated Fingerprint Identification System—a computer system for storing and retrieving fingerprints
Established in the 1970s, AFIS enables law enforcement officials to:
Search large files for a set of prints taken from an individual
Compare a single print, usually a latent print developed from a crime scene
By the 1990s, most large jurisdictions had their own system in place. The problem: A person’s fingerprints may be in one AFIS database but not in others.
IAFIS—the FBI’s Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System, which is a national database of all 10-print cards from all over the country

78. Biometrics
1. Use of some type of body metrics for the purpose of identification. (The Bertillon system may actually have been the first biometry system.)
2. Used today in conjunction with AFIS.
3. Examples include retinal or iris patterns, voice recognition, hand geometry.
4. Other functions for biometrics: can be used to control entry or access to computers or other structures; can identify a person for security purposes; can help prevent identity theft or control social services fraud.