2. Trisha Kehaulani Watson, JD, PhD Aloha ‘Āina: A Framework for Managing Biocultural Resources in Hawai‘i’s Anthroprogenic Ecosystems

3. Aloha ‘Āina Management Framework Based on the traditional ecopolitical structure of Ma‘ilikūkahi – Created in the 6 th century to address land management needs and political disarray – Developed ahupua‘a system Created management around sustainable systems Decentralized power to the families and communities Based on traditional ecological knowledge (western scientific methods – hypotheses -> trial and error)

4. Ahupua‘a System

5. Application of ahupua‘a system to modern day biocultural resource management in anthroprogenic ecosystems Localized action Questions and issues are collaboratively identified Research is collaborative (i.e., collection of “best information available”) Western and indigenous science foundation -> community and “peer reviewed” data validation Communities are engaged and empowered as partners in implementation and stewardship activities Community and leadership capacity building among Native partners

6. “Best Information Available” / Research Framework

7. Traditional Ecological Knowledge is good science (BMP): Changes in Anthroprogenic Footprints

8. Basic Elements of Management Framework Moves focus from “consultation” to improving “best information available” Role of community and traditional knowledge occurs throughout process Community is also used for ground-truth information Integrated knowledge is used to develop BMPs Process is cyclical

9. Case Study: Recovery of Hawaiian Monk Seals

10. Lack of Community Results in Conflict Data collective for decision making was made vacuously “Public hearing” process used for consultation, which generated mistrust and resentment “Outsider” data rejected by community Recovery community built with newcomers (“outsiders”) to island community, resulting in community conflict Increased federal actions seen as increased federalized of resources

11. Case Study: Traditional Hawaiian Fishponds

12. Traditional Hawaiian Fishpond Restoration Permitting Problems Fishponds continuously destroyed by development Meetings held to identify problem with community Honua Consulting hired to consult on project – Community input – Lead interagency team – Led research and program development

13. Traditional Hawaiian Fishponds

16. Case Study: Marine Mammal Research and Recovery

17. Marine Mammal Recovery Originating conflict (finding the right community partner(s)) Returning to community to obtain data and identify needs and common questions Integrating research and community needs – Marine mammals as sentinels of ocean health – Important educational tools – Sources of cultural pride and empowerment

18. Critical Take-Aways and Ways Forward As economies continue to struggle and biocultural resource needs continue to increase, community partnerships are necessary to successes in protection and recovery Governments and agencies must begin to recognize resources as being “biocultural” and develop integrated processes, research plans and management plans accordingly If you want to restore ecosystems to their pre-contact status, you need pre-contact knowledge The private sector is the real “front line” (more native peoples are needed among developers, consultants and planners) Native peoples need to push forward on education and leadership capacity building (and placement)

19. Mahalo! www.honuaconsulting.com watson@honuaconsulting.com