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Standard 6 Conflict between traditionalism and progressivism in the 1920s and the economic collapse and the political response to the economic crisis in the 1930s
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Day 1 Monday
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6.1 6 slides Economic, social, and cultural changes in the 1920s
Mass production Home appliances Installment plan Transportation Mass culture Harlem Renaissance
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Changing Economy After WWI, the US entered a period of economic growth and cultural change Both positive and negative consequences Did not extend to all Americans
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Changing Economy The growth of electric energy hurt the coal industry
Farmers faced surpluses due to lack of troops to ship their crops to Mass production marginalized the skilled worker Workers were still underpaid due to ineffectiveness of labor unions Widening gap between the ‘haves’ and ‘have-nots’
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Changing Economy The assembly line mass produced radios, refrigerators, and new appliances Introduced by Henry Ford in 1913 The installment plan (credit) encouraged consumers to ‘buy now, pay later’ Washing machines, electric irons, and vacuum cleaners were labor-saving devices Working women could not afford the appliances Middle class women started doing their own house work instead of hiring help
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Changing Society and Culture
Women had very little change in society or the economy The flapper’s attempted to use freedom to change cultural attitudes towards the role of women Most women continued the traditional roles as wife and mother Advertising, radio and the movies reinforced traditional gender roles
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Changing Society and Culture
Transportation helped change urban life Automobile changed living patterns for those who could afford one Automobiles lessened the isolation of rural life Street cars increased the gap in living and working conditions Suburbs grew Aviation had little impact due to cost
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Changing Society and Culture
The Great Migration led to segregated neighborhoods A black middle class developed Supported African American writers, musicians, and artists The Harlem Renaissance recognized black artists and musicians James Weldon Johnson and Langston Hughes Celebrated ties to African culture and black pride Questioned the 2nd class citizenship of blacks The radio helped spread jazz to white audiences and promoted a shared national culture Luis Armstrong
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Day 2 Tuesday
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slides Social change and conflict between traditional and modern culture Role of women “Red Scare” Ku Klux Klan Immigration Prohibition Scopes trial
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Role of Women The role of women changed somewhat
Took new jobs while men were fighting during WWI Home front efforts during WWI led to the 19th amendment No new opportunities in the workplace (teachers, nurses, secretaries, telephone operators) Earned less money than men The flapper represented change but posed little threat to traditional roles
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“Red Scare” WWI propaganda promoted “100 percent Americanism”
Exacerbated nativism and turned into xenophobia (hatred or fear of foreigners) Postwar inflation and job competition led to labor unrest Strikes, the Russian Revolution, and European socialism frightened middle and upper class
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“Red Scare” The Red Scare resulted from Communism, Socialism, Anarchist bombs, and labor strikes Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer led the Palmer Raids against suspected communists 4,000 alleged communists were held without bond 100s were deported
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Ku Klux Klan The KKK gained new followers due to the Red Scare
Added radicals, immigrants, and Catholics to the target list Klansmen saw themselves as moral regulators, targeting bootleggers and gamblers Used public beatings, lynchings, and cross burnings
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Immigration Quotas Anti-immigrant sentiment turned to xenophobia
Resulted in Congress limiting immigration Eastern and Southern European was limited and Asians were barred entirely
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Prohibition The temperance movement advocated prohibition since the 1830s Anti-German sentiment and grain shortages led to the 18th amendment Prohibited the sale and distribution of alcohol, but not its consumption Neither federal nor local governments had the manpower to stop illegal activity The 21st amendment repealed the 18th and ended prohibition
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Scopes Trial Conflict between traditional religious beliefs and science caused anxiety Religious fundamentalism (literal truth of the Bible) vs. Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution The Scopes Trial (Monkey Trial) resulted from a Tennessee law that forbade the teaching of evolution in public schools Biology teacher purposefully broke the law to teach evolution
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Day 3 Wednesday
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6.3 10 slides Causes and consequences of the Great Depression
Wealth gap Farm economy Dust Bowl Limited regulation taxes and investments Stock market speculation Federal Reserve System
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False Prosperity The tradition of government not regulating the economy was reflected in the practices of the 1920s Encouraged Big Business Not protecting the interests of laborers and farmers The Great Depression would question this role
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False Prosperity The 1920s seemed prosperous with high employment and low inflation Huge wealth gap Most Americans earned less than $2500 per year Wages were stagnant despite the company’s prosperity When installment payments stopped, so did consumer spending Less demand caused lay-offs
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Farm Sector Collapse The farm economy collapsed
International competition Lower crop prices High debts and taxes Defaulted on bank loans Farm defaults caused banks to fail due to lower supply of currency Limited the number of loans available
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Laissez-Faire Economics
Republican presidents returned to a laissez-faire policy Powerful corporations High tariffs SCOTUS overturned child labor and minimum wage laws The wealthy invested their earnings in the stock market Didn’t open new factories Increased speculation (buying stock in bulk then selling individually) Made a company look profitable (caused prices to increase) when it really wasn’t
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Laissez-Faire Economics
Stock market speculation was fueled by a “get rich quick” mentality Led to inflated stock values Lack of regulations allowed people to buy on the margin (buying stock with a small % of personal $ and borrowing $ from the bank to pay off the rest) Investors would pay the bank back with profits earned On “Black Tuesday” the market experienced the greatest crash in history October 29, 1929
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Day 4 Thursday
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Government Mistakes Poor decisions of individual companies, consumers, investors, and the Federal Reserve worsened the economic climate The Fed is able to regulate the money supply Make loans to banks-> make loans to businesses-> hire workers-> buy products They attempted to stop speculation by charging high interest rates on loans but ended up discouraging bank lending
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Government Mistakes Congress attempted to protect American industry by imposing a high tariff in 1930 Caused more damage to the economy Halted international trade President Hoover urged companies to voluntarily maintain wages and hours Low consumer demand made this impossible Companies laid off workers and cut hours
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The Great Depression The Great Depression was the worst economic disaster to ever hit the US 25% unemployment People faced eviction and foreclosure Wages and hours were cut People stopped buying anything but the most essential goods Bank “runs” occurred when people rushed to the banks to withdraw their savings
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The Great Depression Soup kitchens formed to help feed the poor
The lines for soup kitchens were called bread lines Hoovervilles were shanty towns or shacks where the homeless lived Schools closed Fewer marriages Lower birthrate Men abandoned their families The “Bonus Army” of unemployed WWI veterans marched on DC seeking an early payment of a promised bonus
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The Great Depression The farming community suffered an economic and environmental disaster The plains were damaged by overgrazing Mechanized farm equipment and greater demand during WWI caused overplanting The Dust Bowl occurred when drought and high winds during the 1930s blew away the rich top soil Evicted tenant farmers Migrant workers roamed searching for work Okies left the plains for California and jobs
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Work Day- Friday Day 6 Monday
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6.4 9 slides Effectiveness of FDR’s New Deal Programs
Relieving suffering Achieving economic recovery Protecting the rights of minorities
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Government Intervention
During the 1932 election, Americans demanded federal aid Franklin Delano Roosevelt immediately initiated a series of relief and recovery measures The New Deal alleviated some suffering and offered hope to Americans
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The New Deal FDR’s initial goal was to stabilize the economy and relieve human suffering Banks were closed for a holiday-> stopped runs Government insured bank deposits-> instilled confidence in banks [Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation] Stock market regulations-> prevent pre-crash conditions [Securities and Exchange Commission]
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The New Deal Government subsidies to farmers who produced less crops-> stabilized prices and raised income [Agricultural Adjustment Act] Rural electrification programs built dams-> brought electricity, 1000s of jobs, and stimulated the economy [Tennessee Valley Authority] Federal government employed young men and veterans-> built national parks, bridges, hospitals, schools, and air fields [Civilian Conservation Corps] Federal support of the arts-> employed writers, artists, and actors[Works Progress Administration]
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The New Deal A national insurance policy-> provided aid to the unemployed, disabled, elderly, and dependent children [Social Security Act] Workers would pay into the plan for future protection Did not provide immediate relief Critics cite the SSA as laying the groundwork for the “welfare state”
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The New Deal Minimum wage and maximum hour standards [Fair Labor Standards Act] Recognized the rights of labor unions and collective bargaining [Fair Employment Practices Act (Wagner Act)] FDR increased taxes for wealthy individuals and businesses to pay for the New Deal programs
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Day 6 Tuesday
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Criticism of the New Deal
Liberals and conservatives criticized the New Deal Political left- workers and labor unions claimed FDR was not doing enough to redistribute income and help the elderly and the poor Political right- wealthy business owners claimed the New Deal was too expensive and socialist FDR was accused of taking too much power for the federal government SCOTUS undermined programs by ruling several of them unconstitutional Deficit spending (government spending $ so Americans can earn $) provided millions of dollars in relief but caused an unbalanced budget
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Opposition in Government
FDR responded to the SCOTUS by proposing a plan to increase the size of the Court This would give him the opportunity to nominate Justices who supported the New Deal The “court-packing” plan fueled conservative criticism but prevented the SCOTUS from overturning any other programs
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Failures of the New Deal
The New Deal programs did not help African Americans % of blacks were unemployed The CCC was racially segregated The AAA hurt tenant farmers and sharecroppers FDR formed a “Black Cabinet” to consult for race issues Due to discrimination, blacks threatened to march on DC-> commission was established to protect black workers in wartime industries [Fair Employment Practices Commission]
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Failures of the New Deal
The New Deal programs did not help women Women had to “use it up, wear it out, make it do or do without” Faced job discrimination The CCC did not hire women Other programs hired mostly men Lower minimum wage for women [National Recovery Administration] FDR appointed the first woman to the Cabinet (Frances Perkins) FDR relied on Eleanor Roosevelt for information and advice
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