1. LECTURE 1: EYE ANATOMY Liana Al-Labadi, O.D.

2. E YE A NATOMY http://everlastingelephants.blogspot.com/2009/08/what-is-eye-cataract.html

3. E YE A NATOMY http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Eye_orbit_anatomy_anterior2.jpg The orbital bone The eye socket Formed by: Cheekbone Forehead Temple Side of nose Eye is cushioned within orbit by pads of fat Lacrimal gland Produces tears Tears drain through the nasolacrimal duct http://mwsu-bio101.ning.com/forum/topics/distinct-human-celltypes-1?commentId=2263214%3AComment%3A10331

4. E YE A NATOMY Eyelids (L): Protection: Protects eye from foreign matter (dust, dirt, debris) Protects against bright light that might damage the eye Help spread tears over surface of eye- moist & comfort Eyelashes (L): Filter out foreign matter prevent it from getting into eye http://www.medical-look.com/human_anatomy/organs/Eyelids_and_eyelashes.html

5. E YE A NATOMY Conjunctiva (Conj): Thin, clear layer of skin Covering of the front of eye Covers the sclera and the inside of the eyelids Function: Keeps bacteria and foreign material from getting behind eye http://www.images.missionforvisionusa.org/anatomy/2005/11/conjunctiva-answers.html

6. E YE A NATOMY Sclera (S): “White of the eye” Tough, opaque tissue that extends around the eye Surrounds the eye and gives the eye its shape The sclera is attached to the extraocular muscles http://www.thirdeyehealth.com/sclera.html

7. E YE A NATOMY Extraocular Muscles 6 extraocular muscles that are attached to each eye Help move the eye left, right, up, down and diagonally These 6 muscles are: Superior rectus Inferior rectus Medial rectus Lateral rectus Inferior oblique Superior oblique http://media.photobucket.com/image/introduction%20to%20eye%20anatomy/trimurtulu/Eye.jpg

8. E YE A NATOMY Cornea (K): Clear layer at the front & center of eye Located in front of the iris (colored part of eye) Function: Focus light as it enters eye Avascular Only organ that has no blood vessels http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cornea.jpg

9. E YE A NATOMY Anterior Chamber (AC): Fluid-filled space Behind the cornea & in front of the iris Fluid = Aqueous humor (AH) AH helps nourish the cornea & the lens http://www.djo.harvard.edu/files/2528_310.jpg http://www.goodhope.org.uk/departments/eyedept/angleclosureetc.htm

10. E YE A NATOMY Pupil (P): Central opening of iris Iris (I): Ring shaped tissue Colored part of eye Controls the amount of light that enters the eye Two muscle fibers: Contraction Constricts pupil in bright light Dilation Dilates pupil in dark http://www.bioconsulting.com/Bio_Tech_Assessment.html http://www.goodhope.org.uk/departments/eyedept/angleclosureetc.htm

11. E YE A NATOMY Anterior Chamber Angle Located where the cornea meets the iris Trabecular Meshwork Site where aqueous humor drains out of eye If AH cannot properly drain out Pressure build up inside eye Causes optic nerve damage & evetually vision loss = glaucoma http://seniorhealth.about.com/library/conditions/blglaucoma2.htm

12. E YE A NATOMY Posterior Chamber (PC): Fluid-filled space Aqueous Humor! Immediately behind the iris but infront of the lens http://seniorhealth.about.com/library/conditions/blglaucoma2.htm

13. E YE A NATOMY Crystalline Lens: Clear, flexible structure Behind the iris & pupil Surrounded by a ring of muscular tissue – ciliary body The lens & ciliary body help control fine focusing of light as it passes through the eye http://www.smartplanet.com/business/blog/smart-takes/artificial-lens-implant-to-give- patients-high-definition-vision-better-than-2020/2558/

14. E YE A NATOMY Vitreous Chamber: Located behind the lens & in front of the retina Filled with a gel-like fluid called the vitreous humor The vitreous help maintain the shape of the eye http://www.ophthobook.com/questions/question-how-many-chambers-are-there-in-the-eye

15. E YE A NATOMY Retina: Acts like the film in a camera to create an image Consists of a specialized layer of cells Converts light signals into nerve signal then send these signals to the optic nerve Optic nerve carries the signals to the brain The brain helps process the image Rods- low light situations Cones- allows you to see color hhttp://www1.appstate.edu/~kms/classes/psy3203/EyePhysio/human_retina.htm http://www.answersingenesis.org/tj/v13/i1/retina.asp

16. E YE A NATOMY Macula Located in the central part of the retina Responsible for giving sharp central vision Used for reading, recognizing faces, and watching TV Any disease that affects the macula will cause a change & impairment in the central vision http://www.dukehealth.org/eye_center/specialties/macular_degeneration/care_guides/macular_dege neration_frequently_asked_questions

17. E YE A NATOMY Choroid A layer of tissue that is: Located under the retina Separates retina & sclera Mostly made up of blood vessels Helps nourish the retina by carrying the blood supply to the eye’s internal structures http://www.cnib.ca/en/your-eyes/eye-conditions/amd/the-eye/basics/Default.aspx

18. E YE A NATOMY Optic Nerve A bundle of 1 million nerve fibers Responsible for transmitting nerve signals from the eye to the brain The optic disc is the front surface of the optic nerve The optic disc is visible on the retina http://cssd.us/body.cfm?id=802 http://www.wollongong.youronlinecommunity.com.au/wollongong-online/2008/50/walkthrulife/eye- health.html