1. Origin of Domesticated Plants Wheat

2. Plant Germ Plasm The first category of germ plasm includes the native or indigenous varieties of cultivated crop plants used elsewhere in commercial agricultural production. At present many of the major crop plants have a limited genetic base, as these have been developed through a series of selections that emphasize yield often at the expense of insect or disease resistance, environmental tolerance, multiple use, etc.

3. Seed Savers, Decorah, Iowa

4. Plant Germ Plasm The second category of germ plasm material includes the identification and collection of wild relatives of the more commonly cultivated plants.

5. Wild Tomato Species From Peru Domestic High Altitude Another S. sisymbrifolium

6. Plant Germ Plasm The third category includes plants not yet in the economic system and not related to domesticated plants. These may have properties of great value to us, but these can be very difficult to identify.

7. Seed and germplasm storage facility – Kew Seed Bank

8. Breadfruit

9. Diane Ragone Checking Breadfruit Collection in Hawaii

10. Food Plants

11. Grasses

12. Bamboo Forest

13. Bamboo Toys and Bike – Exploit hollow, light stems

14. Grass Body Structure

16. Barley Grain or Caryposis Bran Germ

17. Wheat Germ and Bran

18. Top agricultural products, by crop types (million metric tons) 2004 data Cereals2,263 Vegetables and Melons866 Roots and Tubers715 Milk619 Fruit503 Meat259 Oilcrops133 Fish (2001 estimate)130 Eggs63 Pulses60 Vegetable Fiber30 Source: Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Food and Agriculture Organization

19. Top agricultural products, by individual crops (million metric tons) 2004 data Sugar Cane1,324 Maize721 Wheat627 Rice605 Potatoes328 Sugar Beet249 Soybeans204 Oil Palm Fruit162 Barley154 Tomato120 Source: Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Food and Agriculture Organization

20. Wheat

21. Wheat – Triticum aestivum

22. Evolution of Modern Wheat

23. Einkorn wheat – Triticum monococcum

24. Emmer Wheat – Triticum turgidum

25. Durum Wheat – Triticum turgidum

26. Semolina Flour

27. Goatgrass – Triticum tauschii

28. Bread Wheat – Triticum aestivum

29. Whole Grain Wheat and Bread

30. Corn or Maize – Zea mays

31. Typical Corn Growth

32. Typical ear of corn

33. Variation in ear size and kernel color from Mexican landraces of corn

34. Zea mays subsp. mexicana Zea mays subsp. mays

35. Teosinte – Zea diploperennis

36. Ear of teosinte – Zea diploperennis

37. Teosinte vs. Corn Growth Teosinte Corn

38. Zea mays

39. Corn Types

40. Popcorn

41. The One Food Problem

42. Cliff House at Mesa Verde – constructed circa 1200 AD

44. Beginnings of the Anasazi During their so-called Archaic Period (5500 - 100 BCE) the Anasazi were hunter-gatherers - they lived mostly on roasted seeds of Indian grass (Oryzopsis sp.), cattails (Typha lattifolia), salt bush (Atriplex canescens - Chenopodiaceae), and sheep sorrel (Rumex acetosella - Polygonaceae); Rabbits and a few deer provided the bulk of the animal protein in the diet - they lived mostly in caves or in depressions with simple coverings made of juniper branches (Juniperus scopulorum - Cupressaceae)

45. Oryzopsis sp. – Indian ricegrass

46. Atriplex canescens - saltbush

47. Typha latifolia - cattail

48. Rumex acetosella – sheep sorrel

49. Changes to Anasazi life About 100 BCE, maize plants arrived and Anasazi life began to change - at first the Anasazi did not adopt maize except as a novelty About 100 BCE, Anasazi made a change to the so called Basket Maker II lifestyle in which they made baskets, sandals, and nets woven from yucca fibers (Yucca baccata - Agavaceae)

50. Yucca baccata

51. Anasazi yucca products

52. Basket Maker III Basket maker III was from about 400 - 700 AD - here they became much more agricultural - probably due to the arrival of beans Phaseolus vulgaris (pinto and kidney beans) and P. acutifolius (tepary or pavi beans) The Anasazi began to select maize varieties with larger ears and more productivity They also begin to experiment with irrigation and developed or acquired bows and arrows

53. Phaseolus vulgaris – pinto, kidney beans

54. Phaseolus acutifolius – tepary or pavi bean

55. Pueblo I Pueblo I lasted from 700-900 AD - here the Anasazi adopted an increasingly sedentary lifestyle with advances in basketry and pottery, cotton was used for cloth, dwellings were made of stone above ground with pit houses transformed into ceremonial kivas Large stores of grain made higher populations possible and also led to warfare and raiding for grain

56. Anasazi Ruin

57. Pueblo II and III Pueblo II (900 - 1100 AD) and Pueblo III ( 1100 - 1300 AD) saw the development of even larger towns and cities, dwellings were built in cliffs for protection - made very sophisticated baskets and pottery, had highly developed irrigation systems - may have used captive turkeys for meat, feeding them on grain Then from 1276 to 1299 there were 23 years of continuous drought - the Anasazi ultimately abandoned their cities and moved south to better drainage areas - today their descendents survive as the Zuni, Hopi, and Rio Grande Pueblo tribes

58. Timeline of Anasazi culture

59. What the Anasazi Left

60. Rice

61. Wild Rice – Zizania aquatica

62. Wild Rice Harvest

63. Rice – Oryza sativa

64. Rice Paddies

65. Planting Rice Thailand

66. Rice and Azolla

67. Brown and White Rice

68. Barley

69. Barley – Hordeum vulgare

70. Barley Malt

71. Barley Malt Product

72. Pearl Barley

73. Triticale On left – wheat, triticale, rye

74. The Trouble with Tribbles

75. Forage Grasses

76. Alfalfa and Red Clover – Legumes, not grasses

77. Kentucky Blue Grass

78. Timothy – Phleum pratense

79. Fescues – Festuca sp.

80. Big Bluestem – Andropogon gerardii

81. Little Bluestem – Andropogon scoparius

82. Blue Grama – Bouteloua gracilis

83. Switchgrass – Panicum virgatum

85. Legumes

86. Legumes are members of pea, bean family (Fabaceae) and are very important sources of food due to their highly nutritious seeds Legume seeds are very high in protein due to the nitrogen fixing root nodules with which legumes can extract N 2 gas to make ammonium which they use when synthesizing protein

88. Protein content various foods

89. Soybeans

90. Soybean – Glycine max

91. Tofu – Bean Curd

92. Soy milk

93. Soy sauce

94. Edamame

95. Miso – soybean paste