1. Managing Fusarium Head Blight in Irrigated Wheat and Barley Mary Burrows, William Grey, Alan Dyer and Luther Talbert Dept. Plant Sciences/Plant Pathology, MSU

2. Fusarium head blight (scab) DON limit 1 ppm for human food; 2 ppm for feed

3. Symptoms at harvest Diagnostic tan to brown discoloration of stem below the head. Infected plant residue serves as in-field inoculum and contains DON.

4. Fusarium head blight in Montana Sporadic disease Map http://www.peninsulaflyfishers.org/Fishing_Tales/montanaSpring02/montana_map.gif <2004 YR 2005, 2006 YR2007, 2009 YR2009 Dyer, 2008

5. Fusarium head scab: Should I be concerned? Do you have a history of scab? *Residue-borne* –Partially bleached heads –Pink kernels (moist chamber) –Tombstone kernels –Brown at base of head Fully or partially bleached heads? (root and crown diseases, drought, sawfly) Irrigation type Tillage regime Previous crop Grey, 2006

6. Scab in barley vs. scab in wheat Barley flowers before head emergence; spray earlier 2-row barley less suceptible than 6-row barley (head architecture) No variety resistance is available

8. Grain “Tombstone Kernels” Chalky appearance from the fungal mycelium. Mycotoxins, including “Deoxynivalenol -2“ FDA advisory level, 1.0 ppm ‘DON’

9. (Courtesy A. Schilder and G. Bergstrom)

11. FHB tolerant and susceptible spring wheat varieties Tolerant ‘Sumai3’ Varieties Alsen Glenn Freyr MT0550 Knudson Kelby Granite Volt Susceptible Varieties Howard MT0551 Vida Explorer Choteau Expresso Hank – Agronomic preferred variety for Irrigated production

12. Grain Yield, Scab Nursery, Irrigated Spring Wheat Tolerant‘Sumai3’Bu/ACSusceptibleBu/Ac ALSEN 71HOWARD66 GLENN 70MT055167 FREYR 87VIDA70 MT0550 83EXPLORER54 KUNTZ 87CHOTEAU78 KNUDSON 83EXPRESSO77 KELBY 81HANK55 GRANITE 75 VOLT 87 MEAN COMPARISON LSD = 5.8 p<0.05, 7 replicates, 2006 & 2007.

13. Grain Quality “Deoxynivalenol-2” detection limit 0.2 ppm NDSU Analytical Lab Tolerant‘Sumai3’ppmSusceptibleppm ALSEN 0.11HOWARD1.08 GLENN 0.14MT05511.33 FREYR 0.25VIDA1.41 MT0550 0.25EXPLORER2.11 KUNTZ 0.36CHOTEAU2.83 KNUDSON 0.36EXPRESSO3.30 KELBY 0.36HANK8.76 GRANITE 0.38 VOLT 0.43 MEAN COMPARISON LSD = 1.01 p<0.05, 7 replicates, 2006 & 2007.

14. Scabby grain

15. Seed Quality, Germination Blotter Test % MSU Seed Analytical Lab Tolerant‘Sumai3’%GermSusceptible%Germ ALSEN 96HOWARD86 GLENN 94MT055188 FREYR 88VIDA81 MT0550 95EXPLORER79 KUNTZ 91CHOTEAU76 KNUDSON 93EXPRESSO72 KELBY 89HANK55 GRANITE 91 VOLT 90 MEAN COMPARISON LSD = 7.5 p<0.05, 7 replicates, 2006 & 2007.

16. Alsen, Resistant

17. Hank, Susceptible

18. Benefits of ‘Sumai3’ tolerance to FHB in spring wheat varieties Grain DON-2 Disease Incidence Grain Yield Germination% 3.70 to 0.29 ppm REDUCTION, 92% 28 to 8 % scab heads. REDUCTION, 71% 66 TO 80 bu/ac INCREASE, 22% 73% to 92% INCREASE, 26%

19. Current efforts (Gray, Talbert, Dyer) Improved semi-dwarf wheat varieties for straw strength and yield potential with FHB tolerance and grain mycotoxins. Marker assisted selection (MAS) to backcross the Sumai3 gene into varieties for irrigated production in Montana.

20. Backcrossing Scab Resistance RR X rr 5 generations of breeding R r Scab resistance in Choteau Scab resistant e.g. MT0550 ‘Sumai3’ Scab susceptible parent e.g. Choteau Resistant Susceptible Heterozygote

21. Isolate DNA PCR Copy Separate on gel Marker Assisted Selection (MAS)

22. ‘Best management practices’ for FHB in continuous small grains & high production systems Resistant variety, certified seed, fungicide seed treatment, half rate fungicide at tillering stage under irrigation Center pivot, fill soil profile prior to heading, cut water 10 days before expected flowering date and through flowering period Triazole fungicide at or before flowering to prevent infection Folicur, Prosaro, Proline, Caramba have Sec3 labels Manage irrigation thru grain maturation to avoid DON accumulation. Post harvest tillage, control volunteer grain, soil incorporation for straw degradation.

23. Preventing Fusarium head blight Use good-quality, high germ seed Can blow seed out of combine with higher fan speed at harvest, but this WILL serve as a nice source of inoculum the following year Avoid planting a susceptible variety after corn! Crop rotation to non-host

24. US Wheat and Barley Scab Initiative