1. TAMARIX: “Salt Cedar”

2. TAMARIX: Angiosperm!

3. TAMARIX: Origins in North America Di Tomaso, J.M. 1998. Impact, Biology and Ecology of Salt Cedar (Tamarix spp.) in the southwestern United States. Weed Technology 12:326-336 Originated from Southern Europe and Mediterranean Sold by Bartram’s Nursery in Philadelphia (1823)

4. TAMARIX: For Sale in Western Nurseries (1858) Di Tomaso, J.M. 1998. Impact, Biology and Ecology of Salt Cedar (Tamarix spp.) in the southwestern United States. Weed Technology 12:326-336 Ornamentals Shade Windbreaks Stream Stabilization

5. T. aphylla T. chinensis T. ramosissima T. gallica TAMARIX: Six Species grown in USDA Arboretum (1868) T. parviflora Di Tomaso, J.M. 1998. Impact, Biology and Ecology of Salt Cedar (Tamarix spp.) in the southwestern United States. Weed Technology 12:326-336

6. TAMARIX: Escapes from Cultivation Occasional (1870s)Extensive (1920s) Di Tomaso, J.M. 1998. Impact, Biology and Ecology of Salt Cedar (Tamarix spp.) in the southwestern United States. Weed Technology 12:326-336

7. TAMARIX: Extent Across United States 4,000 ha (1920s) 362,000 ha (1960s) 540,000 ha (1970s) 600,000 ha (1980s) Di Tomaso, J.M. 1998. Impact, Biology and Ecology of Salt Cedar (Tamarix spp.) in the southwestern United States. Weed Technology 12:326-336

8. (1900 through 1960s) TAMARIX: Impacts on Southwestern Riparian Habitats Land Clearing (Agriculture) Livestock Grazing Trapping of Beaver Tree Cutting Groundwater Depletion Stream Diversion for Irrigation Building of Reservoirs Stream Channelization Recreational Impacts Brock, J.H. 1994. Tamarix spp. (Salt Cedar), an Invasive Exotic Woody Plant in Arid and Semi-arid Riparian Habitats of Western USA. Ecology and Management of Invasive Riverside Plants

9. Di Tomaso, J.M. 1998. Impact, Biology and Ecology of Salt Cedar (Tamarix spp.) in the southwestern United States. Weed Technology 12:326-336 TAMARIX: Biology and Ecology Copious Wind and Water Dispersed Tufted Seeds

10. TAMARIX: Biology and Ecology Seed Viability Low (3-4 Weeks in the Wild) Di Tomaso, J.M. 1998. Impact, Biology and Ecology of Salt Cedar (Tamarix spp.) in the southwestern United States. Weed Technology 12:326-336 Seed Germination almost immediate upon contact with Moist Soil Brock, J.H. 1994. Tamarix spp. (Salt Cedar), an Invasive Exotic Woody Plant in Arid and Semi-arid Riparian Habitats of Western USA. Ecology and Management of Invasive Riverside Plants

11. TAMARIX: Biology and Ecology Extensive Vegetative Growth from stem and root suckers Can respond to sedimentation by layering of adventitious roots Brock, J.H. 1994. Tamarix spp. (Salt Cedar), an Invasive Exotic Woody Plant in Arid and Semi-arid Riparian Habitats of Western USA. Ecology and Management of Invasive Riverside Plants

12. TAMARIX: Biology and Ecology Brock, J.H. 1994. Tamarix spp. (Salt Cedar), an Invasive Exotic Woody Plant in Arid and Semi-arid Riparian Habitats of Western USA. Ecology and Management of Invasive Riverside Plants Facultative Halophyte Leaves Secrete Salt

13. TAMARIX: Biology and Ecology Di Tomaso, J.M. 1998. Impact, Biology and Ecology of Salt Cedar (Tamarix spp.) in the southwestern United States. Weed Technology 12:326-336 Cold Tolerance

14. TAMARIX: Biology and Ecology Facultative Phreatophyte Di Tomaso, J.M. 1998. Impact, Biology and Ecology of Salt Cedar (Tamarix spp.) in the southwestern United States. Weed Technology 12:326-336 Flood and Drought Tolerance

15. TAMARIX: Biology and Ecology Fire Tolerance (Long-lived Resprouts after Fire) Busch, D.E. 1995. Effects of fire on southwestern riparian plant community structure. Southwestern Naturalist 40:259-267 (Superior to Salix gooddingii, Populus fremontii)

16. TAMARIX: Biology and Ecology Competitive Advantage over Salix and Populus Greater tolerance to water stress and salinity Facultative Phreatophyte: Ability to tolerate drawdowns and drought Superior Regrowth after Fire Smith, S.D. et al. 1998. Water relations of riparian plants from desert regions.Wetlands 18:687-696

17. TAMARIX: Water Use Water Table Use: Case Study in New Mexico (1957, 1961) Brock, J.H. 1994. Tamarix spp. (Salt Cedar), an Invasive Exotic Woody Plant in Arid and Semi-arid Riparian Habitats of Western USA. Ecology and Management of Invasive Riverside Plants Tamarix would consumes 180-1310 mm of precipitation, Excess of available precipitation inputs to water budgets in most NM areas

18. TAMARIX: Water Table Use Brock, J.H. 1994. Tamarix spp. (Salt Cedar), an Invasive Exotic Woody Plant in Arid and Semi-arid Riparian Habitats of Western USA. Ecology and Management of Invasive Riverside Plants Dependent on Site Elevation and Water-Table Depth

19. TAMARIX: Water Use “High Evapotranspiration Rates can Lower the Water Table..” Di Tomaso, J.M. 1998. Impact, Biology and Ecology of Salt Cedar (Tamarix spp.) in the southwestern United States. Weed Technology 12:326-336 (**Controversial)

20. TAMARIX: Wildlife Use Shafroth et al. 2005. Control of Tamarix in the western United States: implications for water salvage, wildlife use, and riparian restoration. Environmental Management 35:231-246 Herpetofauna abundance, Diversity depressed in southwest Avian Overall Use High, but (Some Breeding Species don’t occur in Salt Cedar) Hunter et al. 1988. Use of exotic salt cedar (Tamarix chinensis) by birds in arid riparian systems. The Condor 90:113-123

21. TAMARIX: Control

22. Brock, J.H. 1994. Tamarix spp. (Salt Cedar), an Invasive Exotic Woody Plant in Arid and Semi-arid Riparian Habitats of Western USA. Ecology and Management of Invasive Riverside Plants (Mechanical) Shredding (Brush Mowing) Roller Chopping (Weighted Drum fitted with Blades) Chaining Grubbing/Plowing Effective if Repeated and Accompanied by Vegetation Replacement

23. TAMARIX: Control (Chemical) 2, 4 – D Can produce Mortality Poor translocation to regrowth tissues Glyphosate Unpublished results indicate effective Marketed towards agricultural industry; tests discontinued Imazapyr 80-90% Immediate Mortality (NMSU study) Long-range effects need to be determined Brock, J.H. 1994. Tamarix spp. (Salt Cedar), an Invasive Exotic Woody Plant in Arid and Semi-arid Riparian Habitats of Western USA. Ecology and Management of Invasive Riverside Plants

24. TAMARIX: Control (Biocontrol) Beetle: Diorhabda elongata Lewis, P.A. et al. 2003. Assessment of risk to native Frankenia shrubs from an Asian leaf beetle, Diorhabda elongata deserticola (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), introduced for biological control of saltcedars (Tamarix spp.) in the western United States. Biological Control 27: 101-116 Target Species: Tamarix Non-Target Species: Frankenia