1. The Triumph of Industry
Chapter 4

2. Technology & Industrial Growth
Section 1

3. Thomas Edison’s bright ideas
1 of 10
Thomas Edison’s bright ideas
Peter TLT

4. 2 of 10
An important Thursday
Thomas Edison was born on Thursday February the 11th, 1847 in the town of Milan, Ohio.
When Thomas was seven his teacher finally lost his patience with his constant questions.
He noticed that Tom's forehead was unusually wide and his head was bigger than normal. He made no secret of his belief that Tom’s brains were scrambled!
Peter TLT

5. What do you do when you get home from school?
3 of 10
What do you do when you get home from school?
Peter TLT

6. Maybe you turn the lights on and play Eminem!
4 of 10
Maybe you turn the lights on and play Eminem!
Music
Edison’s first important invention was the phonograph. A machine that could record and reproduce sound. But his greatest success was the development of the electric light. So when you turn on the light and listen to music think of Thomas Edison.
Peter TLT

7. 7 of 10
The first movie star
While working on the phonograph, Thomas began working on a device that, "does for the eye what the phonograph does for the ear", this was to become motion pictures.
Thomas first demonstrated motion pictures in 1891, and began making "movies" two years later.
Peter TLT

8. Early Edison Movies
Edison loved Hip Hop

9. Taking an invention and turning it into an industry
STEEL
Taking an invention and turning it into an industry

10. · Scottish immigrant Andrew Carnegie became the “King of Steel”, producing the majority of America’s steel.
Andrew Carnegie

11. Andrew Carnegie
This is how he did it.

12. · Therefore, the steel industry grew rapidly.
1850’s – The Bessemer Process allowed steel to be produced cheaply.
· Therefore, the steel industry grew rapidly.
Examples: railroads, skyscrapers, nails, pins
Bessemer converter
At Station Square
Henry Bessemer

13. The billets and slabs are heated and rolled into finished products.
Steel Production
Rolling
The billets and slabs are
heated and rolled into
finished products.
Raw Materials
Example: Iron Ore 1 4
Melting
Hot air is pumped into
a furnace, melting iron at
1600 degrees Celsius.
(2,912 degrees F)
Casting
The liquid steel is cast into
billets and slabs. 2 3
Refining
Impurities are removed and alloys
are added from the molten metal
through the use of a ladle.

14. Andrew Carnegie in his “Great Double Role”
This cartoon originally appeared in the July 9, 1892 edition of The Saturday Globe, a pro-union weekly out of Utica, New York.
Caption reads: "Forty-Millionaire Carnegie in his Great Double Role. As the tight-fisted employer he reduces wages that he may play philanthropist and give away libraries, etc.”

15. Making Steel
Bill Nye the science guy ; )

16. Railroads and Industry

17. Railroad growth
Rapid Growth

18. Growth of Railroads
- Once the gauge, or width, of tracks was standardized, railroads formed a network, or system of connected lines.
Top: Railroads in 1890
Right: Railroads in 1918

19. Effects on Industry:
- The railroad industry created thousands of new jobs.
Examples: steelworkers, lumberjacks, miners, railroad workers
- The railroads opened up the country to settlement and growth.
Anti-railroad propaganda

20. Abuses:
- Railroad companies offered rebates, or discounts, in order to keep or win customers.
- This forced many small railroad companies out of business.
- In order to end competition and keep prices high, railroad companies agreed to divide up business in an area and set high prices. This was known as pooling.

21. - Railroad companies began to consolidate, or combine, in order to compete with large companies, such as Cornelius Vanderbilt’s.
- Cornelius Vanderbilt was one of the richest men in America, and the most powerful railroad baron.
Cornelius Vanderbilt

22. - Large companies bought smaller ones or forced them out of business.
Cornelius Vanderbilt and James Fisk are shown in a race for control of New York's rails. Vanderbilt unsuccessfully tried to take over the Erie R.R. by buying out its stock.

23. The Rise of Big Business
Section 2

24. Corporations- A new business model
Old school- Family owned business
New school- Corporation
only risk to inventors is what they invested

25. Vertical and Horizontal Integration
Vertical-buy every aspect of making a car
Horizontal-
Buy every
company that
makes cars

26. Mass Production
The development of Mass Production allowed business to produce goods quickly and inexpensively. Mass Production often relied on machinery taking the place of hand tools

27. Old School Production
Hand Made

28. New School-Mass Production
Assembly Line

29. Mass Production-Lucy Style
Sweet

30. Workers fight to end exploitation.
Labor Unions
Workers fight to end exploitation.

31. The Rise of Labor Unions
1st were called trade unions
Began as a way to provide help in bad times
Goals:
shortened workdays
higher wages
better working conditions
End child labor

32. Tools of the Union:
Collective Bargaining: negotiations between representatives of labor and management to reach agreement on wages, benefits and conditions
Arbitration: allowing outside “referee” to decide issues between sides
Strike: refusal to work until demands are met

33. Labor Unrest:

34. Labor Unions
Key Organizations:

35. Knights of Labor: Opened membership to all workers
Advocated 8 hr. day/ equal pay for equal work
Preferred arbitration to strikes
Under Terence Powderly, expanded membership in 1880’s
Terence Powderly

36. Knights of Labor – formed
Workers Organize
Knights of Labor – formed
in 1869 as the first labor
union in the nation.
Goal #3:
Equal pay for men
and women
Goal #1:
Shorter work day
Goal #2:
End child labor

37. American Federation of Labor:
A craft union led by Samuel Gompers
Advocated collective bargaining with threat of strikes
Focused on better pay and benefits
More associated with violence
Samuel Gompers

38. AF of L Goals Catered to the skilled worker.
Represented workers in matters of national legislation.
Maintained a national strike fund.
Evangelized the cause of unionism.
Prevented disputes among the many craft unions.
Mediated disputes between management and labor.
Pushed for closed shops.

39. American Railway Union:
Founded by Eugene V. Debs
Included skilled and unskilled workers
Led way to the foundation of the American Socialist Party
Won successful strike in 1894/ then faded
Eugene V. Debs

40. Some Strikes Turned Violent:
Haymarket Square: confrontation between striking workers and police resulted in several deaths
Homestead Strike: steel workers against Carnegie fought hired “thugs”
Pullman Strike: Debs’ workers were attacked by “strike breakers” resulting in President Cleveland sending out troops
Sketch of tension leading to violence during the Pullman Strike

41. Haymarket Riot
Demonstration in 1886 for an eight-hour workday—strikes in many cities
At Chicago factory, police broke up a fight between strikers and scabs (workers who replace striking
workers)—several workers killed
Led to a protest rally
in Chicago’s Haymarket
Square—bomb thrown at
police, several killed
American public begins
to associates unions with
violence & radical ideas

42. Homestead Strike: 1892
Andrew Carnegie’s partner Henry Frick attempted to cut workers’ wages at Carnegie Steel:
Union at plant in Homestead, PA called a strike
Frick used the Pinkertons (a private police force known for their ability to break strikes)—led to shootout with strikers
Following a failed assassination attempt of Frick by radical—union called off the strike

43. Homestead Strike
Andrew Carnegie and the Homestead Strike — History.com Video

44. The Corporate “Bully-Boys”: Pinkerton Agents

45. Pullman Strike: 1894 Railway workers’ strike that spread nation-wide
Eugene V. Debs called for a boycott of Pullman cars after company refused to bargain with workers
Marked a shift in the federal government’s involvement with labor –employer relations: federal troops were sent in to end the strike

46. A “Company Town”:
Pullman, IL

47. Pullman Cars
A Pullman porter

48. The Pullman Strike of 1894

49. Management vs. Labor “Tools” of Management “Tools” of Labor “scabs”
P. R. campaign
Pinkertons
lockout
blacklisting
yellow-dog contracts
court injunctions
open shop
boycotts
sympathy demonstrations
informational picketing
closed shops
organized strikes
“wildcat” strikes

50. Gains of Unionism: Limited work hours Regulated work conditions
Preserved rights to collective bargain
Rise of violence led public to distrust unions and fear threat of communism (Red Scare)